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Biology > 5. CELL RECOGNITION & THE IMMUNE SYSTEM > Flashcards

5. CELL RECOGNITION & THE IMMUNE SYSTEM Flashcards

1
Q

Name the four main types of pathogen

A

Bacteria, virus, fungi and protista

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2
Q

Define what a pathogen is

A

A disease-causing microorganism

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3
Q

How do bacteria cause disease?

A

They release toxins

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4
Q

How do viruses cause disease?

A

They replicate inside cells and damage them

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5
Q

Explain the purpose of the body’s primary defenses

A

To prevent pathogens from entering the body

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6
Q

Recall the five primary defenses

A

Skin, stomach acid, lysosomes in tears and genital tract, cilia and mucus

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7
Q

Which two primary defenses utilise lysosomes?

A

Tears and genital tract

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8
Q

Describe what a phagosome is

A

A pathogen engulfed in a phagocyte

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9
Q

Describe what a phagolysosome is

A

When a phagosome fuses with the lysosomes inside a phagocyte

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10
Q

Explain how macrophages become APCs

A

The pathogen’s antigens are displayed on the phagocyte’s cell surface membrane

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11
Q

Recall the five cells / molecules that would initiate an immune response

A

Pathogens, toxins, cancer cells, cells invaded by viruses, and cells of adifferent organism of the same species

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12
Q

Identify non-self and altered self-cells

A

Non-self: pathogens, toxins, cells of a different organism of the same species.
Altered self: cancer cells, cells invaded by viruses

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13
Q

Which type of lymphocytes facilitate cell-mediated immunity, and which facilitate humoural immunity?

A

Cell-mediated immunity is mediated by T lymphocytes.
Humoural immunity is mediated by B lymphocytes.

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14
Q

Name the three types of T-Lymphocytes and where they mature

A

T Helper cells, Cytotoxic T cells and T memory cells.
Mature in the Thymus gland.

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15
Q

Which T-Lymphcyte bind to APCs?

A

T Helper cells

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16
Q

Recall the four actions of T-helper cells

A

Stimulates the production of antibodiesby plasma cells.
Stimulates the cloning of cytotoxic T cells.
Produce cytokines, which attracts more macrophages, increasing the number of APCs

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17
Q

How do T lymphocytes divide?

A

Mitosis

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18
Q

Which is the only T-Lymphocyte that destroys pathogens?

A

Cytotoxic T cells

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19
Q

How do Cytotoxic T Cells destroy pathogens?

A

They release perforin, which creates small holes in the pathogen’s cell membrane

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20
Q

How to T-Helper cells attract more macrophages to the infected site?

A

They release cytokines

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21
Q

Name the T lymphocyte that gives you immunity

A

T memory cells

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22
Q

Name the three B-Lymphocytes and where they mature

A

B cells, Plasma cells, B memory cells.
Mature in the bone marrow.

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23
Q

Which B lymphocyte produces antibodies?

A

Plasma cells

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24
Q

Describe what antibody agglutination is

A

Binding many pathogens together

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25
What is formed when an antibody binds to an antigen?
Antibody-antigen complex
26
Name the B lymphocyte that gives you immunity
B memory cells
27
Define what an antibody is
A protein that is specific to an antigen
28
What two things can antibodies bind to?
Bind to antigens, and bind to toxins
29
What is the effect of antibodies binding to viruses in particular?
Prevents them entering self cells
30
What allows many different shapes of antibodies to be made?
They are made from proteins, which can have many different tertiary structures
31
How many different types of protein are antibodies made from? How many chains of each?
Two heavy chains and two light chains
32
How many different regions are there on an antibody? How many of each?
Two variable regions and one constant region
33
Why is there two variable regions on an antibody?
So the antibody can bind to two antigens at once, agglutinating the pathogens
34
What are the variable regions on an antibody complimentary to?
the antigen or toxin
35
What does snake antivenom contain?
Antibodies which are complimentary to the specific snake toxins.
36
What type of immunity is utilised when snake anti venom is used?
Passive
37
Why are monoclonal antibodies clones?
Because they are all produced from the same plasma cell
38
Outside the body, what are monoclonal antibodies used for?
Medical testing, e.g. pregnancy tests and the ELISA test
39
What is special about the antibodies in the reaction zone of a pregnancy test?
They are bound to coloured dyes or enzymes
40
How is a coloured strip formed in the test zone of a pregnancy test if the test is positive?
The immobilised enzymes bind to the hCG-antibody complex (with dyes attached)
41
What is the purpose of the control zone?
To prevent false positives or false negatives
42
How is a coloured strip formed in the control zone of a pregnancy test?
The immobilised enzymes bind to the antibodies with the coloured dye attached
43
Name the four types of immunity
Natural active, natural passive, artificial active, artificial passive
44
What is the fundamental difference between active and passive immunity?
In active immunity, the patient makes their own antibodies and therefore memory cells. In passive, they do not.
45
Which part of the pathogen is in a vaccination?
The antigens
46
What is herd immunity?
Herd immunity arises when a sufficiently large proportion of the population has been vaccinated to make it difficult for a pathogen to spread within that population
47
Who is herd immunity important for?
Unvaccinated people, e.g. children and the immunosuppressed
48
How does antigenic variability occur in pathogens?
Mutations occur in the genes that code for the antigens
49
Which lymphocyte does HIV invade and kill?
T Helper cells
50
Label a diagram of a HIV, including; phospholipid bilayer, glycoprotein (antigen), capsid, RNA & reverse transcriptase
51
Why is HIV classed as a retrovirus?
Because it contains RNA as its genetic material, and reverse transcriptase
52
Why do the glycoproteins in HIV's phospholipid bilayer act as antigens?
Because they are a different shape to the antigens on the body's cells
53
What is a normal TH count in a healthy person?
800-1200cm-3
54
Estimate a HIV infected person's TH count
200cm-3
55
Why might someone not develop AIDS related symptoms until a long time after initial HIV infection?
Because HIV can lay dormant over time
56
What kinds of infections occur when a patient's TH count becomes low?
Opportunistic infections
57
Explain why a low TH count causes opportunistic infections
Less TH cells means less antibodies are produced
58
When can someone be diagnosed with AIDS?
When their TH cell count has reduced past a point, and they develop AIDS-like symptoms
59
During HIV replication, what happens to the viral DNA?
It is incorporated into the host DNA
60
During HIV replication, what happens to the viral DNA once it is incorporated into the host DNA?
It is transcribed and translated
61
During HIV replication, what happens once the viral proteins have been translated?
They are assembled
62
During HIV replication, what happens once the viral proteins have been assembled?
The virus buds off and exits the host cell. It then goes to infect another cell.
63
What is the ELISA test used for?
To detect the presence and amount of proteins.
64
In the ELISA test, what is attached to the test well?
The antigen / protein
65
In the ELISA test, what in the patient's blood will attach to the antigens in the test well?
The complimentary antibodies
66
In the ELISA test, why is the well washed?
To remove any unbound antibodies
67
In the ELISA test, what two things are added after the well is washed?
A second antibody, which is complimentary to the first antibody, and has an enzyme attached. Also a solution which changes colour in the presence of the enzyme.
68
In the ELISA test, what does the amount of colour signify?
The amount of protein present in the patient's blood

Biology (26 decks)

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