(5) Normal Difluency And The Development Of Stuttering

Question 1

Subcategories of stuttering characteristics

Answer 1

1. Core behaviors
2. Secondary behaviors
3. Feelings and Attitudes
   4.Underlying Processes

Question 2

Describes the basic speech behaviors of stuttering. (State the 3 main behaviors)

Answer 2

Core behaviors
1. Repetition
2. Prolongation
3. Blocks

Question 3

Speakers reactions to his or her repetitions, prolongations, and blocks, in on attempt to end them quickly or avoid them altogether

Answer 3

Secondary behaviors

Question 4

Precipitate stutter

Answer 4

Feelings

Question 5

Pervasive part of a person’s belief

Answer 5

Attitudes

Question 6

Speculations about the process that may cause disfluencies or stuttering at each developmental level

Answer 6

Underlying Processes

Question 7

Observed most frequently among children who are just beginning to stutter and are simply a sound, syllable, or single-syllable word that is repeated several times

Answer 7

Repetitions

Question 8

Repetitions are usually the ___ you would observe among children who stutter

Answer 8

First core behaviors

Question 9

What are the 2 more common repetitions than multisyllable word repetitions?

Answer 9

Single-syllable word repetition
Part-word repetition

Question 10

No. of instances that children who stutter repeats a word or a syllable vs. No. of instances of repetition in typical disfluency

Answer 10

CWS: 2 or more instances
Typical Disfluency: 1 repetition

Question 11

Stutters in which sound or airflow continues but movement of articulators is stopped

Answer 11

Prolongations

Question 12

When does prolongations appear?

Answer 12

Appear later than repetitions but may be present at onset

Question 13

Prolongations that are perceived abnormal

Answer 13

Prolongations as short as half a second

Question 14

Rare cases of prolongations

Answer 14

Prolongations that lasts as long as several minutes

Question 15

Person inappropriately stops the flow of air or voice and often the movement of articulators, as well

Answer 15

Blocks

Question 16

Blocks are typically ___ to appear, and may be observed ____

Answer 16

Last core behavior; at or close to stuttering onset

Question 17

As stuttering persists, blocks grow shorter, less tense, and no tremors are evident. True or False

Answer 17

False obvious ba

Question 18

According to Van Riper, what does an individual do when they do blocks

Answer 18

• Close off the airway
• Increase air pressure behind the closure
• Squeezes their muscles particularly hard

Question 19

Speakers attempt to terminate a stutter

Answer 19

Escape behaviors

Question 20

Give examples of escape behaviors

Answer 20

• Eye blinks
• Head nods
• Interjections of extra sounds

Question 21

Speakers attempt to prevent a stuttering when they anticipate stuttering on a word or in a situation

Answer 21

Avoidance behaviors

Question 22

Commonly eye blinks and interjections of extra sounds, like “uh” said before the word on which stuttering is expected

Answer 22

Word-based avoidances

Question 23

5 developmental levels of stuttering

Answer 23

1. Normal disfluency
2. Borderline stuttering (younger preschool)
3. Beginning stuttering (older preschool)
4. Intermediate stuttering (school-age)
5. Advanced stuttering (older teens and adults)

Question 24

8 common categories of normal disfluency

Answer 24

1. Part-word repetition
2. Single-word repetition
3. Muti-syllabic word repetition
4. Phrase repetition
5. Interjections
6. Revise-incomplete phrase
7. Prolongations
8. Tense pause

Question 25

3 distinguishing features

Answer 25

- amount of disfluency - # of units - type of disfluency

Question 26

As children get older, they are most likely to use multi-syllable words. True or false

Answer 26

True

Question 27

Normally speaking preschool children have an average of how many disfluencies?

Answer 27

6 to 7 disfluencies every 100 words

Question 28

How many unit repetitions do average children have?

Answer 28

1 to 2 unit repetitions

Question 29

Most common types of disfluencies in normal disfluency

Answer 29

- interjections - revisions - whole-word repetitions

Question 30

Two clusters of common dislfuency types according to Yari

Answer 30

1. Repetition of speech segments of one syllable 2. Interjections and revisions

Question 31

Common core behavior in older children with normal disfluency

Answer 31

Revisions

Question 32

Common core behavior in younger children with normal disfluency

Answer 32

Repetition

Question 33

Secondary behaviors in normal disfluency

Answer 33

None! *Tense pauses (not from disfluency reaction)

Question 34

Feelings and attitudes in normal disfluency

Answer 34

Not aware; no concern

Question 35

Underlying processes in normal disfluency

Answer 35

Stresses of speech language and psychosocial development processes

Question 36

Core behaviors of borderline stuttering

Answer 36

- 11 or more disfluencies per 100 words - More than 2 units in repetitions - More repetitions and prolongations - Less revisions or interjections

Question 37

Describe disfluencies in borderline stuttering

Answer 37

Loose and relaxed

Question 38

Secondary behaviors in borderline stuttering

Answer 38

None!

Question 39

Feelings and attitudes in borderline stuttering

Answer 39

Not aware; may show momentary surprise or mild frustration

Question 40

Underlying processes of borderline stuttering

Answer 40

- Stresses in speech language and processes - Psychosocial development interacting with constitutional predisposition

Question 41

Core behaviors in beginning stuttering

Answer 41

- Rapid, irregular, tense repetitions - Fixed articulatory posture in blocks - No interjections

Question 42

Secondary behaviors in beginning stuttering

Answer 42

- Escape behaviors - Increase in pitch and loudness

Question 43

Feelings and attitudes in beginning stutterinhg

Answer 43

- Aware of disfluency - Express frustration

Question 44

Underlying processes in beginning stuttering

Answer 44

- Conditioned emotional reactions causing excess tension - Instrumental conditioning resulting in escape behaviors

Question 45

Describe the disfluency in beginning stuttering

Answer 45

Tension and awareness

Question 46

Core behaviors of intermediate stuttering

Answer 46

- Blocks - Prolongation and repetition

Question 47

Secondary behaviors in intermediate stuttering

Answer 47

Escape and avoidance behaviors

Question 48

Feelings and attitudes in intermediate stuttering

Answer 48

Fear, frustration, embarassment, and shame

Question 49

Underlying processes in intermediate stuttering

Answer 49

- Condition emotional reactions causing excess tension - Instrumental conditioning resulting in escape behaviors (+) Avoidance Conditioning

Question 50

Core behaviors in advance stuttering

Answer 50

- Long, tense blocks - Some tremors

Question 51

Secondary behaviors in advance stuttering

Answer 51

EXTENSIVE escape and avoidance behaviors

Question 52

Feelings and attitudes in advance stuttering

Answer 52

- Fear, frustration, embarrassment, and shame (+) Negative self-concept

Question 53

Underlying processes in advance stuttering

Answer 53

- Conditioned emotional reactions causing excess tension -Instrumental conditioning resulting in escape behaviors (+) Cognitive learning