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PSYCH 101 > 5.2 - How Do We See? > Flashcards

5.2 - How Do We See? Flashcards

1
Q

Cornea

A
  • where light first passes through
  • thick outer layer of eye
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2
Q

Lens

A
  • receives focused light from cornea
  • bends light further inwards
  • forms a picture on the retina
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3
Q

Retina

A

Inner surface of the back of the eyeball
Contains sensory receptors that transduce light into neural signals

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4
Q

Pupil

A

hole in the middle of the eye
small opening in front of the lens

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5
Q

Iris

A

Donut muscle that relaxes or contracts and makes the pupil smaller or bigger depending on the environment

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6
Q

What are the two types of receptor cells in the retina?

A

Rods and Cones

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7
Q

Rods

A

retinal cells that respond to low levels of light and result in black and white perception
- primarily for night vision
- don’t support colour vision
- poor at fine detail

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8
Q

Cones

A

retinal cells that respond to higher levels of light and result in colour perception

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9
Q

Fovea

A

centre of the retina where cones are densely packed

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10
Q

Ventral Stream of Processing “what stream”

A
  • occipital lobe to temporal lobe
  • specialized for perception and recognition of objects (ex. determining colours and shapes)
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11
Q

Dorsal Stream of Processing “where stream”

A
  • occipital lobe to parietal lobe
  • spacial perception (where an object is in relation to other objects)
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12
Q

Object Agnosia

A
  • condition where someone is unable to identify objects (likely caused by damage to the “what” pathway)
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13
Q

Q: Does fovea have more rods or cones?

A

fovea only has cones

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14
Q

What is the most common form of colour blindness?

A

Red-green caused by a missing protein in green or red receptor

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15
Q

Myopia

A
  • nearsighted
  • eyeball slightly elongated
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16
Q

Hyperopia

A
  • farsighted
  • eyeball slightly shortened
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17
Q

Astigmatism

A

uneven curvature of the cornea that leads to distorted images

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18
Q

5.4

A
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19
Q

How is the colour of light determined?

A

The wavelength of the electromagnetic wave that reaches the eye

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20
Q

How does the trichromatic theory explain colour blindness?

A

Some people may be missing the photopigment that is sensitive to some of the wavelengths and therefore they can’t process that colour

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21
Q

Photopigments

A

protein molecules that become unstable and split apart when exposed to light
- absorb certain wavelengths

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22
Q

Opponent-Process Theory of colour perception

A

States that we perceive colours in opposing pairs (ex. red to green, yellow to blue, white to black)
- complimentary colours
- compliments the trichromatic theory

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23
Q

Hue of colour

A

colour on the spectrum

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24
Q

Saturation of colour

A

how colourful

25
Q

Intensity of colour

A

how bright

26
Q

Q: Are afterimages best explained by trichromatic or opposed-process theory?

A

Opponent-process theory because the idea is that when you look at an image in opposite colours, those colour receptors fatigue. When you look away, you will see the image again but with the opposing colours to the ones you were just looking at

27
Q

Gestalt Principles - Proximity

A

we are likely to group these squares into 3 objects

28
Q

Gestalt Principles - Similarity

A

grouping things on how closely they resemble each other (ex. we can see the ex because we group the 2 different shapes as an X and a background)

29
Q

Gestalt Principles - Good Continuation

A

Seeing things as continuous even though in reality they are separate

30
Q

Gestalt Principles - Closure

A

We tend to complete figures and shapes

31
Q

Gestalt Principles - Common Fate

A

We tend to see things that move together as being part of the same group (ex. hidden bird made of lines that you can’t see unless the video plays and the lines move together)

32
Q

Prosopagnosia

A

can’t recognize faces

33
Q

Object constancy

A

Correctly perceiving objects as constant in their shape, size, colour, lightness, despite sensory data that could mislead perception
(ex. the space each angle of the car takes up on our retina is different but we know how big a car should be so they all look the same to us)

34
Q

Size constancy

A

How far away an object is from us

35
Q

Shape constancy

A

What angles we are seeing an object from

36
Q

Colour constancy

A

Comparing the wavelengths from each object to the wavelengths from the background

37
Q

Light constancy

A

How much light is being reflected from the object and its background

38
Q

Fusiform Gyrus (FFA)

A
  • in the temporal lobe
  • responds most strongly to upright faces
  • where face information is combined and processed
39
Q

How do we recognize upside down faces?

A

Object recognition instead of facial recognition in the fusiform gyrus

40
Q

Pareidolia

A

we are programmed to see faces and shapes even when they aren’t there (ex. seeing shapes in clouds)

41
Q

Q: How do the Gestalt principles of proximity and similarity help explain why we see crowds instead of individuals

A

When we see people (similarity) close together (proximity) we group them together as one and perceive a crowd

42
Q

Binocular depth cues

A

cues that arise from having 2 eyes (“bi” meaning two) (need to work together)

43
Q
  1. Convergence
A

eyes turn inwards (cross-eyed) to view objects that are closer

44
Q
  1. Divergence
A

eyes turn outwards to view objects further away

45
Q
  1. Binocular Disparity and stereoscopic vision
A

the eyes have 2 slightly different views
- stereoscopic vision: (ex. viewfinders: 2 images, 1 in each eye, combined to make it seem 3D)

46
Q

Monocular depth cues

A

cues available to each eye alone (“mono” meaning one)

47
Q
  1. Occlusion
A

(a)
- in pictures, we know something is closer when it occludes (blocks) objects in the background

48
Q
  1. Position relative to the horizon
A

(b)
- using horizon lines as reference

49
Q
  1. Relative Size
A

(c)
- objects further away project a smaller retinal image

50
Q
  1. Familiar Size
A

(d)
- assuming size because we know what size they should be (ex. cars)

50
Q
  1. Texture Gradient
A

(f)
- pavement gets less visibly textured the further it gets from us

50
Q
  1. Linear Perspective
A

(e)
- parallel lines converge in the distance creating a common point

51
Q

Motion Parallax

A
  • using motion as a depth cue (ex. when driving in a car the street signs pass you quickly but the tall buildings in the distance don’t seem to move - this helps create our sense of depth)
52
Q

What two things does size perception rely on?

A
  • size of retinal image
  • distance from viewer (depth perception)
53
Q

Stroboscopic movement (apparent motion)

A

illusion of movement when 2 or more slightly different pictures are played in succession and creates the illusion of movement

54
Q

What do motion aftereffects provide evidence for?

A

that there are motion-sensitive neurons in the brain

55
Q

Why do motion aftereffects occur?

A

when staring at something that is moving for long enough, the motion neurons will fatigue and get used to the motion so when you look away they’ll still be moving with the rhythm they adapted to

56
Q

Q: How does the distance of an object affect the size of the retinal image it casts?

A

farther from viewer = smaller retinal image

57
Q
A

PSYCH 101 (13 decks)

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