6-autonomic

Question 1

what are some autacoids

Answer 1

histamine, serotonin, adenosine, vasoactive peptides, lipid-derived mediators (leukotrienes & prostaglandins), cytokines

Question 2

what are vasoactive peptides

Answer 2

involved in neuronal and vascular signalling

Question 3

what are some physiological roles of histamine

Answer 3

immediate allergy and inflammation,
gastric secretion,
neurotransmitter

Question 4

what are mast cells

Answer 4

mediators of inflammation with contact of antigen

Question 5

where in the stomach are enterochromaffin like cells

Answer 5

fundus

Question 6

how is stomach acid released

Answer 6

histamine released onto parietal cells

Question 7

what cells in the stomach release histamine

Answer 7

enterochromaffin-like cells

Question 8

what are some white blood cells that release histamine

Answer 8

basophil granules

Question 9

what happens to mast cell when exposed to the appropriate antigen

Answer 9

degranulate (release granular contents, mostly histamine)

Question 10

what does insect venom release

Answer 10

histaamine

Question 11

what is the triple response of lewis

Answer 11

initial localized red spot, then bright red flare, then wheal

Question 12

what causes the triple response of lewis

Answer 12

local vasodilation, axon reflexes (indirect vasodilation, causes spread), edema

Question 13

what is neurogeneic inflammation / axon reflex

Answer 13

inflammation that requires the presence of nerve fibres

-nerve impulse double backs and sends signal out to periphery

Question 14

what is released in the axon reflex

Answer 14

histamine, substance P, CGRP

Question 15

what does CGRP and substance P stimulate

Answer 15

mast cells, so more histamine is released - positive feedback

Question 16

what kind of G receptors for H1

Answer 16

Gq

Question 17

what kind of G receptors for H2

Answer 17

Gs

Question 18

what does H1 activation on endothelial cells do

Answer 18

NO release to cause vasodilation (similar to M3)

Question 19

what are the effects of histamine on nerve endings

Answer 19

powerful stimulant - pain, itch, axon reflex, neurogenic inflammation

Question 20

where is histamine a neurotransmitter

Answer 20

in tubermammillary nucleus of hypothalamus

Question 21

what does histamine do to arousal

Answer 21

increase

Question 22

what kind of interactions does histamine make

Answer 22

with glial cells

Question 23

what does histamine do to blood flow

Answer 23

regulate cerebral and peripheral flow

Question 24

what do antihistamines do to sleepiness

Answer 24

make you drowzy

Question 25

what do histamines do to cardiovascular system

Answer 25

vasodilate! redness, warmth, headache edema tachycardia

Question 26

what causes the vasodilation in the cardiovascular system

Answer 26

H1 nitric oxide mediated effects

Question 27

what does histamine do to HR

Answer 27

reflex tachycardia

Question 28

what is edema

Answer 28

seperation of endothelial cells, plasma proteins leak out and fluid follows

Question 29

what does histamine do to respiratory system

Answer 29

bronchiolar constrictor

Question 30

which H receptor causes bronchiolar constriction

Answer 30

H1

Question 31

what does histamine do to gastric acid release

Answer 31

increase

Question 32

which H receptor causes gastric acid release and where are they

Answer 32

H2 receptor on parietal cells

Question 33

what do parietal cells do

Answer 33

release stomach acid

Question 34

how does histamine compare to adrenaline

Answer 34

many of the effects are opposite

Question 35

what is anaphylaxis

Answer 35

MASSIVE allergic response

Question 36

what causes anaphylaxis (compounds)

Answer 36

histamine, but lots of other things - inflammatory soup (bradykinin, substance P, serotonin, prostaglandins, cytokines)

Question 37

what are symptoms of anaphylaxis

Answer 37

hypotension, respiratory difficulty, hives, odema

Question 38

why are antihistamines not super helpful with anaphylaxis

Answer 38

because there are many more mediators other than histamine

Question 39

what is the best physiological antagonist to histamine

Answer 39

adrenaline

Question 40

what kind of agonist or antagonist can impair mast cell degranulation

Answer 40

beta 2 agonists

Question 41

what does cromolyn do

Answer 41

prevents mast cell degranulation and release of inflammatory mediators and histamine -for asthma

Question 42

what does nedocromil do

Answer 42

prevents mast cell degranulation and release of inflammatory mediators and histamine -for asthma

Question 43

what do older H1 antagonists do

Answer 43

produce sedation, some cause local anesthesia (block Na channel)

Question 44

what do some older H1 antagonists have as off target effects

Answer 44

anticholinergic, alpha1 and serotonin receptor blocking effects (promiscous)

Question 45

are H1 antagonists good for asthma or anaphylaxis

Answer 45

noooo | because it is an alpha1 blocker (i think thats why idk)

Question 46

what are good clinical uses for H1 antagonists

Answer 46

hay fever (allergic rhinitis) sleeping pills motion sickness

Question 47

why are some H1 antagonists drowzy and others arent

Answer 47

some can and cant get through the BBB

Question 48

what is diphenhydramine

Answer 48

H1 antagonist, | benadryl, classic antihistamine sedative

Question 49

what is dimenhydrinate

Answer 49

H1 antagonist, gravol anti-motionsicknes, sedative

Question 50

what is loratidine

Answer 50

H1 antagonist, | claritin, non sedative antihistamine, seasonal rhinitis

Question 51

what is the use for H2 antagonists

Answer 51

reduce acid secretion in stomach

Question 52

what is ranitidine

Answer 52

H2 antagonist, reduce acid in stomach

Question 53

what is adenosine

Answer 53

cardiac autacoid and neurotransmitter

Question 54

what does adenosine do to lungs

Answer 54

bronchospasm!!!

Question 55

what g protein receptor is A1

Answer 55

Gi

Question 56

what g protein receptor is A2

Answer 56

Gs

Question 57

what g protein receptor is A3

Answer 57

Gi

Question 58

what does it mean when i say adenosine is a cardiac autacoid

Answer 58

released locally in heart

Question 59

what does adenosine do to heart

Answer 59

slows heart rate and vasodilate

Question 60

what is theophylline

Answer 60

(adenosine antagonist) antagonizes bronchoconstrictor effect of adenosine -used sometimes for asthma

Question 61

what does caffeine do

Answer 61

antagonist to adenosine, CNS stimulant

Question 62

what receptors do adenosine antagonists work at

Answer 62

A1, A2, A3

Question 63

what do adenosine antagonists do to cAMP levels and how

Answer 63

increases it because it inhibits cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase

Question 64

what happens when you combine beta agonists and adenosine antagonists (cAMP)

Answer 64

increase cAMP levels because beta agonists are Gs and adenosine antagonists inhibit cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase

Question 65

what does salbutamol do and which receptors

Answer 65

b2 agonist, rescue inhaler (for asthma attacks)

Question 66

what happens with repeated administration of salbutamol

Answer 66

b2 downregulation

Question 67

what does ipratropium do and what kind of drug is it

Answer 67

muscarinic antagonist for COPD

Question 68

how does ipratropium work

Answer 68

helps remove parasympathetic tone so that the lungs can dilate

Question 69

what does montelukast do

Answer 69

antagonizes leukotriene B4 (prophylactic for asthma)

Question 70

what do corticosteroids do

Answer 70

anti-inflammatory, for asthma

Question 71

what does cromolyn do

Answer 71

prevents mast cell degranulation, for asthma

Question 72

what are biologics and when are they used

Answer 72

interleukin 5 antibodies (to stop it from interacting with its receptor) good for severe asthma

Question 73

how are biologics given

Answer 73

subcutaneous injection WAHHH