7. Nervous Systems + Neurons

Question 1

What is a neural unit?

Answer 1

Individual neurones that contain specialised features (dendrites, cel body, axon)

Question 2

What are neuronal fibres?

Answer 2

The outgrowths of neurons e.g. axons and dendrites

Question 3

What is Dale’s Law?

Question 4

How can neurons be specialised according to function and location?

Answer 4

Change shape, size and structure

Question 5

Describe the structure and possible functions of anaxonic neurones?

Question 6

Describe the structure and possible functions of bipolar neurones?

Answer 6

Found often in sensory regions with very specific receptors instead of general dendrites. They have a cell body in the middle of the axon.

Question 7

Describe the structure and possible functions of unipolar neurones?

Answer 7

They have the the cell body pinched off to one side in the middle of the axon.

Question 8

Describe the structure and possible functions of multipolar neurones?

Answer 8

aka the alpha motor neuron. Cell body with dendrites extending from it and one long axon.

Question 9

What are neuroglia?

Question 10

What do ependymal cells do?

Question 11

What do astrocytes and oligodendrocytes do?

Question 12

What do microglia do?

Question 13

Where might ependymal cells, microglia, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes be found?

Answer 13

CNS

Question 14

What do satellite cells do?

Question 15

What do Schwann cells do?

Question 16

Where might Schwann cells and satellite cells be found?

Answer 16

PNS

Question 17

What does an axon do?

Answer 17

Signal output, pass information to subsequent neuron

Question 18

What do dendrites do?

Answer 18

Transmits information from sensory receptors and other neurones

Question 19

What do cell bodies do?

Answer 19

Integrates information + has a nucleus

Question 20

What is the axon hillock?

Question 21

What is a phase response?

Answer 21

Stim

Question 22

What is a tonic response?

Answer 22

Stimulus keeps firing

Question 23

What is stress?

Answer 23

Anything that throughs your body out of homeostatic balance.

Question 24

What is allostasis?

Answer 24

The maintenance of stability (homeostatic balance) through physiological / behavioural change. Process involves how an organism can prepare to

Question 25

Describe the stress response

Answer 25

1. Hypothalamus releases corticotropin-releasing hormone 2. This acts on the pituitary gland to release adrenocorticotropic hormone 3. This acts on the adrenal gland to release glucocorticoids from the adrenal cortex or hormones from the adrenal medulla (epinephrine and norepinephrine = adrenaline and noradrenaline).

Question 26

What is the name given to daily biological cycles?

Answer 26

Circadian rhythms (process C)

Question 27

How long is a daily biological cycle and what types of things are regulated?

Answer 27

around 24hrs e.g. alertness, temp. , hormones

Question 28

What is the suprachiasmatic nucleus?

Answer 28

The brain's master circadian pacemaker (control centre for sleep-wake) Specialised group of hypothalamic cells that receives info on light exposure from ganglion cells in the retina. It activates melatonin secretion by pineal gland

Question 29

How do we measure the circadian rythms?

Answer 29

Measure melatonin (sleep-promoting hormone) is measured via saliva or blood samples

Question 30

Where is melatonin secreted?

Answer 30

Pineal gland (at night)

Question 31

How does melatonin production differ throughout the day? Why does it do this?

Answer 31

Melatonin production increases in the evening, peaks in the middle of the night and decreases to normal daytime low by early morning. This is because melatonin is suppressed by light exposure

Question 32

What is the dim light melatonin onset?

Answer 32

Time that melatonin levels rise above threshold under dim light conditions in lab

Question 33

Stat 4 consequences of insufficient sleep + circadian misalignment

Answer 33

Cognition + academic performance Safety (road collisions) Mental health Physical health (obesity + long-term conditions)

Question 34

SLIDE 23 OREXIN

Question 35

TRANSPLANTATION PARADIGM

Question 36

State 4 neurochemicals that phase shift in a pattern similar to light ********

Answer 36

Glutamate NMDA GRP HA

Question 37

State 3 neurochemicals that phase shift in a pattern similar to behavioural stimuli *********

Answer 37

NPY O5HT Agonist GABA Agonist