8. Motor Disorders Flashcards Preview

18. Nervous System > 8. Motor Disorders > Flashcards

Flashcards in 8. Motor Disorders Deck (24)
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1
Q

What are the three motor tracts?

A

Pyramidal - corticospinal and corticobulbar tracts; and extrapyramidal.

2
Q

Where is the cerebellum located?

A

Posterior cranial fossa.

3
Q

How is the cerebellum separated from the occipital and parietal lobes?

A

By the tenorium cerebelli.

4
Q

How is the cerebellum separated from the pons?

A

By the 4th ventricle.

5
Q

What does the cerebellum consist of?

A

Vermis and two lateral hemispheres.

6
Q

What is the role of the vermis of the cerebellum?

A

Regulate trunk musculature.

7
Q

What is the role of the lateral cerebellar hemispheres?

A

Regulate distal structures.

8
Q

How does the cerebellum communicate with the brainstem?

A

Via cerebellar peduncles - superior cerebellar peduncle attaches to midbrain, middle to pons, and inferior to medulla.

9
Q

What presentation would a midline cerebellar lesion cause?

A

Truncal ataxia and abnormal gait.

10
Q

What presentation would extension of a midline cerebellar lesion cause?

A

Truncal ataxia and abnormal gait along with 4th cranial nerve lesions, ipsilateral arm tremors, compression of 4th ventricle - hydrocephalus.

11
Q

Which side do cerebellar hemisphere lesions cause symptoms on?

A

Ipsilateral.

12
Q

What are the symptoms of cerebellar lesions?

A

DANISH - dysdiadochokinesia, ataxia, nystagmus, intention tremor, scanning dysarthria, heel-shin test positive.

13
Q

What are the structures in the basal ganglia?

A

Caudate, lentiform nucleus (putamen, globus pallidus externa, globus pallidus interna), substantia nigra (pars compacta and pars reticularis).

14
Q

What is the role of the basal ganglia?

A

Stimulates motor activity in the cerebral cortex.

15
Q

Where are dopaminergic neurones found?

A

Substantia nigra pars compacta.

16
Q

What is the overall net effect of direct and indirect pathways in the basal ganglia?

A

Thalamic stimulation of the motor cortex.

17
Q

What are the effects of basal ganglia disorder?

A

Abnormal motor control, altered posture, affects muscle tone, dyskinesia.

18
Q

What is Parkinson’s disease?

A

Chronic, progressive movement disorder due to degeneration of substantia nigra causing a deficiency of dopamine.

19
Q

What are the triad of signs that characterise Parkinson’s?

A

Bradykinesia, tremor, and rigidity.

20
Q

What are the associated features of Parkinson;s?

A

Hypophonia, reduced facial expression, micrographia, dementia, depression.

21
Q

What is Huntington’s disease?

A

Autosomal-dominant, progressive neurodegenerative disorder.

22
Q

When does Huntington’s disease normally start presenting?

A

30-50 years.

23
Q

What are the symptoms of Huntington’s disease?

A

Chorea (abnormal movements), dystonia (abnormal tone in trunk), incoordination, cognitive decline, behavioural difficulties.

24
Q

What cell changes are associated with Huntington’s disease?

A

Cell loss in basal ganglia and cortex.