8 The Remembering Brain

Question 1

long term memory consists of

Answer 1

declarative and non delcarative

Question 2

what is declarative memory

Answer 2

explicit memory

Question 3

what is non declarative

Answer 3

implicit memory

Question 4

short term memory

Answer 4

sensory memory

working memory

Question 5

what does declarative memory consist of

Answer 5

events - episodic memory

facts - semantic memory

Question 6

what is episodic memory

Answer 6

specific personal experiences from a particular time and place

Question 7

what is semantic memory

Answer 7

world, object, language knowlege, conceptual priming

Question 8

what does non-declarative memory consist of

Answer 8

procedural memory
preceptual representation system
classical conditioning
nonassociative learning

Question 9

what is procedural memory

Answer 9

skills - motor and cognitive

Question 10

what is procedural memory

Answer 10

skills - motor and cognitive

Question 11

what is perceptual representation system

Answer 11

perceptual priming

Question 12

what is classical conditioning

Answer 12

conditioned responses between two stimuli

Question 13

what is nonassociative learning

Answer 13

habituation

sensitization

Question 14

the structure-function relationship

Answer 14

• But function and structure do not match
exactly • A structure can participate in multiple
functions • A function may rely on multiple structures

Question 15

multiple memory systems for episodic and semantic memories

Answer 15

medial temporal lobe
middle diencephalon
neocortex

Question 16

memory system for procedural memory

Answer 16

basal ganglia and skeletal muscle

Question 17

memory system for perceptual representation system

Answer 17

perceptual and association neocortex

Question 18

memory system for classical conditioning

Answer 18

cerebellum

Question 19

memory system for nonassociative learning

Answer 19

reflex pathways

Question 20

definitions of episodic memory

Answer 20

Episodic memory is the system responsible for encoding storing and retrieving memories for personal events and episodes

Definitions depending on criteria emphasised in definitions

Question 21

episodic memory and mental time travel

Answer 21

Mental time travel: Tulving’s definition emphasised the first-person ”mental time travel” – emphasis on re-experience

Question 22

episodic memory and links

Answer 22

Links: Ability to create links between unrelated bits of information, making a
coherent episode – emphasis on relational memory

Question 23

episodic memory and time and place

Answer 23

Time and Place: placing a past experience within a particular time and place- emphasis
on context

Question 24

what is retrival success dependent on in time and space episodic memory

Answer 24

Retrieval success is dependent on the ability to recollect these contextual details including the spatial-temporal context in which something took place

Question 25

what is episodic memory

Answer 25

Episodic memory is the result of associative learning • The what, where, when and who of an episode (its context) are associated and bound together • They can then be retrieved (and reexperienced) as a single episode • Autobiographical memory: Personal memory • Events from personal past (like EM) • Semantic personal past (facts about oneself e.g., address)

Question 26

the MTL

Answer 26

The MTL is not a single structure its a group of structures deep inside the temporal lobe

Question 27

what does the hippocampus consist of

Answer 27

Hippocampus 3 cortical regions of the medial temporal lobe Sometimes referred to as the parahippocampal gyrus

Question 28

what is in the hippocampus

Answer 28

entorhinal cortex rhinal sulcus perirhinal cortex parahippocampal cortex

Question 29

parrahipocampal gyrus

Answer 29

rhinal sulcus perirhinal cortex parahippocampal cortex

Question 30

the hippocampus

Answer 30

resembles a seahorse

Question 31

hippocampus includes 3 main areas

Answer 31

dentate gyrus cornu ammonis subfields CA1,2,3,4 subiculum

Question 32

cornu ammonis subfields (CA)

Answer 32

Subregions depending on the type of brain cells you can see in these regions CA- Cornu ammonis - rams horn - resembles horn like shape CA3 and CA1 - the largest - studied more extensively CA2 CA4 - smaller not been studied very systematically

Question 33

information flow description

Answer 33

Hippocampus belongs to the medial temporal lobe system Information flows from the cortical regions of the MTL via the entorhinal cortex into the various sub field of the hippocampus Information is also going away from the entorhinal cortex and then the rest of the cortical regions of the MTL creating therefore a loop of information processing

Question 34

information flow -

Answer 34

``` entorhinal cortex perforant pathway dentate gyrus hippo ca3 hippo ca1 hippo subiculum ```

Question 35

information flow within the MTL

Answer 35

* Hierarchical organisation of the MTL: information is initially collected through the perirhinal and parahippocampal cortices. * Then passes to the entorhinal cortex, and ultimately reaches the hippocampus * The cortical regions, however, do not merely funnel information to the hippocampus * A large network of connections both within and among the subregions of the MTL cortical regions perform extensive information processing

Question 36

extended MTL system

Answer 36

thalamus | prefrontal cortex

Question 37

memory systems and amnesia

Answer 37

* We have learned a great deal about memory organisation by studying amnesia * Amnesia can arise from neurosurgery (e.g. patient HM), strokes, head injury, certain viruses or as a symptom of long-term alcoholism (Korsakoff’s syndrome) * Difficulties in acquiring new memories (anterograde amnesia) and remembering events from before their brain injury (retrograde amnesia)

Question 38

retrograde amnesia

Answer 38

memory impairment for information acquired prior to the cause of amnesia inability to retrieve memories from the past from the period before the damage

Question 39

anterograde amnesia

Answer 39

deficit in learning new information after the onset of amnesia Inability to form new memories after the damage has occurred Normally older memories before the damage may still be accessible More common

Question 40

can retrograde and antergrade amnesia coincide

Answer 40

Both types may coincide - especially if damage in the brain is more diffused and spread out - global amnesia - Affects access to both remote memories from the past and impairs commitment of new memories in the LTM storage

Question 41

HM

Answer 41

lobectomy • Included removal of the hippocampus and amygdala o History: • Suffered from severe, intractable epilepsy • Foci in both medial temporal lobes • Treated with bilateral medial temporal

Question 42

what happened to HM

Answer 42

o The Good: • Reduced convulsions (severity and frequency) • Improved IQ (from 104 to 118) o The Bad: • Minor retrograde amnesia (for events within the 2 years preceding the surgery) o And the Ugly: • Profound anterograde amnesia: could not form long-term memories for events after surgery

Question 43

medial temporal lobectomy

Answer 43

removed portions of medial temporal lobes - important role in memory

Question 44

HMs anterograde amnesia

Answer 44

* Preserved memory of the past, and had good short-term/working memory * Could not form new long-term memories * Global amnesia: affecting all sensory modalities * Problems were limited to declarative/explicit memory If HM engaged his working memory by repeating a number he was able to retain it in memory for about 15 minutes but this was only possible if working memory was continuously active through verbal representation He could not form new LTM - beyond the capacity of STM if he didn’t engage his working memory then information would vanish

Question 45

digit span +1 test

Answer 45

Normal subjects à up to 18 digits • After 25 trials of this task, H.M. still could not successfully repeat more than 7 digits • H.M.’s main deficit: related to the transfr of information from a functioning STM to a stable LTM

Question 46

HM implicit memory - mirror drawing task

Answer 46

* Retention of certain types of tasks by improved performance * Explicit (declarative) vs Implicit (non-declarative) memory Trace a star remaining within the borders Only able to see drawing in reflection in mirror Practicing - HM performance improved Substantial increase in performance Approached task as it was the first time No conscious memory of performing the task Improved performance demonstrated that he could retain certain types of tasks in his LTM - implicit aspects of LTM

Question 47

what are the two types of amnesia

Answer 47

anterograde and retrograde

Question 48

damage to the MTL produces

Answer 48

Damage in the MTL produces anterograde amnesia and variable levels of retrograde amnesia * STM/working memory normally intact * Implicit memory intact – explicit impaired • MTL critical for making new memories and retrieving old (but see consolidation section below)

Question 49

what does the subsequent memory paradigm aim to do

Answer 49

Aims to evaluate encoding-phase activity leading to successful (versus unsuccessful memory)

Question 50

subsequent memory paradigm

Answer 50

Experimental paradigm Evaluate how activity at encoding leads to successful or unsuccessful memory formation Can Brain activity at the tine of encoding predict later memory outcomes Recording neural responses whilst pps encoding a series of words Seen each words or not Test memory of words Remember or forgotten Compare brain response for later remembered and later forgotten

Question 51

wagner et al 1998 - remembered vs forgotten stimuli

Answer 51

Activity in the left ventrolateral PFC (a) and the left MTL (b) was predictive of later remembered versus forgotten stimuli. Should be activation within the MTL Discriminates between later remembered vs later forgotten This activity would indicate the successful registering of information into memory Ability to recognise stimuli as previously encountered ones is supported by MTL at the time of registering these memories

Question 52

what is familiarity

Answer 52

Familiarity: sense of memory that a stimulus has been encountered before Presentation of stimulus in brain matches visual stimulus in front of us No recall of information is taking place Just recognising something that has been encountered before

Question 53

what is recollection

Answer 53

Recollection: memory for the context or other associative information about a previous encounter with a stimulus Old - recollecting additional details about context or details related to item Remember specific event Recall info about previous encounter cued recall

Question 54

hippocampus as binder of relational memories

Answer 54

* According to the model proposed by Eichenbaum et al. (2007): * The perirhinal cortex processes item representations (important for familiarity) * the parahippocampal cortex is assumed to process “context” (including scene perception) * The hippocampus binds items in context (important for recollection

Question 55

what does the perirhinal cortex process

Answer 55

The perirhinal cortex processes item representations (important for familiarity) familiarity visual features

Question 56

what does the parahippocampal cortex process

Answer 56

• the parahippocampal cortex is assumed to process “context” (including scene perception) scene perception