87-97 Foreign Policy

Question 1

Thatchers speech in bruges

Answer 1

-empasised eec was a trade association, opposed to political union
-annoyed european leaders, worried abt britains commitment
-1988

Question 2

European views in thatchers government

Answer 2

-thatchers negative views caused tension, howe and major thought she was backtracking from 1985 views
-eurosceptics believed brussels federalists were turning EEC into something more than the common market

Question 3

European views in majors government

Answer 3

-some europhile ministers such as ken clarke and chris patten
-eurosceptics more vocal, portillo, redwood, ids
-encouraged by thatchers anti european views

Question 4

Creation of mastricht treaty

Answer 4

-designed to set up structures to deal with EECs expansion
-EEC became EU and plans for a single currency in 1999
-agreed dec 1991, signed feb 1992 by european member states
-ratified by parliament after 18 months

Question 5

Britains maastricht opt outs

Answer 5

-major had good links with other heads of government eg kohl
-secured opt outs from single currency and social chapter which aimed to regulate working conditions

Question 6

Maastricht rebels

Answer 6

-july 1993 attempted to block parliament from ratifying treaty
-made major appear weak as he had to threaten a vote of no confidence in order to win the maastricht vote

Question 7

Anti europeans outside parliament

Answer 7

-anti federalist league, forerunner to ukip set up 1993
-1994 james goldsmith set up referendum party for 1997 election

Question 8

The fall of the ussr

Answer 8

-nov 1989 fall of the berlin wall
-dec 1989 gorbachev and bush announce end of cold war at malta summit
-helmut kohl became head of a unified germany, population of 80m
-thatcher not invited to berlin wall anniversary 1999

Question 9

Gulf war

Answer 9

-saddam hussein president of iraq sent forces to kuwait aug 1990
-1991 us led coalition expelled iraqi forced from kuwait

Question 10

Breakout of issues in the balkans

Answer 10

-milosevic transformed into serbian nationalist, turned on albanians in kosovo from 1989
-yugoslavia started to break up slovenia declared independence 1991
-war began in bosnia 1992, ethnic cleansing backed by milosevic

Question 11

Srebrenica massacre

Answer 11

-1995 bosnian serb forces entered srebrenica
-7000 bosnian men and boys massacred

Question 12

Attempted interventions

Answer 12

-douglas hurd confident mediation would be effective, it failed
-aug 1992 UN and EU conference in london, peacekeeping force made
-vance-owen plan set out a plan for a settlement
-us reluctant to intervene, problems continued

Question 13

US intervention

Answer 13

-NATO seen as essential to force negotiations
-us air strikes on serb forces led to a peace conference in ohio
-peace treaty signed december 1995