9 weeks exam review

Question 0

Angra Mainyu

Answer 0

embodiment of evil in Zoroastrianism, battle Ahura Mazda and lost

Question 1

Ahura Mazda

Answer 1

only god in Zoroastrianism, ruled the world and was the source of all truth, light, and goodness. had a battle with forces of evil, Angra Mainyu.

Question 2

Buddhism founder?

Answer 2

Siddhartha Gautama (ca 566-ca 486 BC). he started as a prince but went to experience the world, encountered poverty. at 35 he sought enlightenment, and evolved into “the Buddha” or “the Enlightened One”

Question 3

Buddhism noble truths?

Answer 3

1. in life, there is suffering
2. suffering comes from selfish desires
3. those seeking nirvana should seek to end suffering
4. suffering can be ended by following 8-fold path

Question 4

Buddhism concepts?

Answer 4

those who follow Buddhist path can achieve nirvana (enlightenment). believe in reincarnation, no caste system, and the fact that nirvana is available to everyone

Question 5

similarities between Buddhism and Hinduism?

Answer 5

the idea that ordinary life is an illusion, the concept of karma and rebirth, the goal of overcoming your ego, the practice of meditation, the hope for final release from the process of rebirth

Question 6

differences between Hinduism and Buddhism?

Answer 6

Buddha ridiculed Brahmins and their rituals, it was based on self-improvement, no help from human authorities or supernatural beings, challenged caste system

Question 7

Buddhist view of women?

Answer 7

they could be nuns but had stricter rules, nevertheless many women flocked to join it

Question 8

early version of Buddhism?

Answer 8

Theravada- Buddha not divine, people on their own when trying to reach nirvana

Question 9

early centuries of AD form of Buddhism?

Answer 9

Mahayana (Great Vehicle)- help available, bodhisattvas have reached nirvana but postpone entry to help others, Buddha is a god, elaborate descriptions of supernatural beings and heavens and hells. also religious merit can be gained from donating to monastery

Question 10

Christianity beginning

Answer 10

Jesus part of small family, started as small Jewish sect but turned into world religion after St Paul (10-65 AD)
spread it through Roman Empire by advertising it as very inclusive

Question 11

Confucianism founder

Answer 11

Confucius (551-479 BC)

Question 12

Confucian levels of society

Answer 12

father superior to son; husband to wife: older brother to younger brother; ruler to subject. when both sides were respectful to each other harmony was achieved

Question 13

Confucianism being prevalent

Answer 13

after Legalism ended Confucianism became central in the government and education

Question 14

how Confucianism influenced china

Answer 14

the idea of superiority became synonymous with Chinese culture and created the tone for women, instituted democratic element, Chinese elite culture being based on nonreligious characteristics

Question 15

Daoism founder

Answer 15

Laozi, sixth century BC archivist established, ideas later expressed by philosopher Zhuangzi

Question 16

Daoist thinking?

Answer 16

self-improvement useless, encouraged withdrawal and spontaneous behavior. dao- unchanging principle that governs everything, yin and yang (often viewed as complementary to Confucianism), connected to Yellow Turban Rebellion

Question 17

Greek philosophy

Answer 17

Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, focused more on logic and questioning of past wisdom and less on reference to the gods

Question 18

Hinduism texts

Answer 18

started with texts Vedas written by the priests Brahmins. then the Upanishads were written about Vedas.

Question 19

Hinduism ideas

Answer 19

Brahman, world soul- final and ultimate reality. a human soul, atman, was part of this and moksha or liberation could be achieved by the union of Brahman and atman. this took many rebirths or samsara, and karma dictated how would fair in the next rebirth

Question 20

Judaism

Answer 20

started with Hebrews, Yahweh must be worshipped over all other gods, above the world but could be communicated with

Question 21

Legalism

Answer 21

only state could decide what’s best and if someone disagreed they were punished severely, reunified china under Shihuangdi and Qin dynasty but the brutality made it short lived

Question 22

Zoroastrianism

Answer 22

Persian religion, started by Zarathustra, appalled by evil in the world he reformed the polytheistic beliefs into a belief of one god, Ahura Mazda

Question 23

jatis

Answer 23

occupationally based groups that formed with varna to make India caste systems

Question 24

Axum

Answer 24

Horn of Africa, plow based farming, King Ezana adopted Christianity in fourth century AD

Question 25

Chavin

Answer 25

Peru, Chavin de Huantar center of religious movement, animal gods, shamans

Question 26

Gupta empire

Answer 26

India (320-550 AD)

Question 27

India and Rome collapse

Answer 27

neither imperial nor regional states commanded the loyalty needed (for india broke up because of too much cultural diversity and invasions)

Question 28

Han dynasty years and relation to Qin

Answer 28

206-220 BC, retained central features but was more mild and had more Confucianism ways. established imperial state and led path until 20th century

Question 29

Han and Rome collapse similarities

Answer 29

too big, overextended and expensive without fundamental technology breakthrough. large landowning families too powerful, diminished authority of government. disease in both, both had invaders, both caused decline of civilization

Question 30

Han and Roman collapse differences

Answer 30

c- after 350 years, imperial dynasty was formed again and was successful
r- when Rome fell there was no imperial authority governing W Europe
c- tension between eunuchs loyal to emperor and Confucian scholars
r- EVERYONE wanted to be emperor

Question 31

Mauryan empire

Answer 31

326-184 BC, encompassed all but tip of India, largest large-scale political system. Ashoka converted to Buddhism peacefully

Question 32

Meroë

Answer 32

fl. 300 BC- 100 AD, Nubian center. governed by monarch, iron, interactions with Mediterranean world, declined due to deforestation and ended when conquered by Axum