Food is broken down into smaller substances
Catabolism
The mechanical and chemical breakdown of food into usable materials for energy
Digestion
Transferring broken down food elements into the circulation for transport
Absorption
After absorption when these elements are carried to the body’s cells to be used for energy and building cells
Anabolism
Another name for digestive tract
GI tract
Alementary canal
Efficient food processing mechanism for digestion and absorption. This takes place where
Digestive tract
Final stage of digestion where elimination and defamation occurred
Egestion
Actions of the digestive system are controlled majority and minorly by
Majority: nervous system
Minorly: endocrine system
Another name for the mouth
Oral cavity
Roof of mouth consisting of hard and soft?
Palates
Hard palate is where and consists of what
Front of mouth
Bones and tissue
Soft palate is made of what and found where
Muscle tissue
Separates mouth from Nasopharynx
Name three salivary glands
Sublingual
Parotid
Submandibular
Sublingual salivary glands are found
Under tongue
Parotid salivary glands are found
Cheeks
Submandibular salivary glands are found
Under lower jaw
Saliva is made of
Water and thick mucous called mucin
Salivary glands are what type of glands
Endocrine glands
Lubricates and causes food particles to stick together to form a bolus of food
Mucin
Salivary amylase is an enzyme called
Ptyalin
What system controls your salivary glands
Nervous system
What does saliva contain to prevent infections
Lysosomes
Immunoglobulins
Starch (polysaccharide) begin breakdown where
Mouth
PH of saliva is
6.8
Name the chief functions of teeth
Mastication
The physical breaking of food
Mastication
Gum of mouth
Gingiva
Bulk of tooth material under enamel
Dentin
Tough skeletal muscle in mouth covered in mucous membrane
Tongue
Bottom of tongue, fold of mucous membrane which helps to attach tongue to floor of mouth
Frenulum
Pushing of food into mouth by tongue
Deglutination
Difficulty swallowing
Dysphagia
Wavelike contractions of the intestines by which they propel their contents trough the GI tract
Peristalsis
Gullet that lines from neck to stomach
Esophagus
Muscle that guards the stomach opening
Cardiac sphincter
Cardiac sphincter also known as
Lower esophageal sphincter
When LES doesn’t relax and food cannot go into stomach
Achalasia
When the LES does not close properly and acid returns into the esophagus
Heart burn acid reflux
Food begins in the gastric or peptic phase of digestion which is the
Stomach
The stomach can expand to hold
8 cups of water
The stomach receives it’s blood supply from
The celiac arteries
Controls the opening between the stomach and the duodenal portion of the small intestine
Pyloric sphincter
When stomach is empty it collapses and lies in folds called
Rugue
Another place in body containing Rugue besides the stomach
Bladder
Longing found under the muscular layer of stomach that contains nerves blood and lymph vessels
Sub mucosa
Layers of stomach wall
Mucosa inner
Submucosa
Muscles
Serous membrane
Milky substance after breakdown of food in stomach
Chyme
Emesis
Vomiting
20 ft long intestine separated by duodenum, jejunum, and ileum
Small intestine
1st portion of small intestine which secretes mucous to protect against acidic chyme and secretes bile
Duodenum
Peters patch of lymph nodes are found in
Ileum portion of small intestine
Sphincter like muscle that regulates back flow into the small intestine
Illeocal valve
Large intestine is divided into
Cecum
Colon
Rectum
Function of the large intestine
Water and vitamin k re absorption
Vitamin k is good for
Blood clotting
RLQ of body you find the cecum and appendix. This is the first portion of the lg intestine. When the appendix is infected by feces unable to fully drain out this will lead to
Appendicitis
Colon consists of three portions
Ascending
Transverse
Descending
What part of the colon absorbs fluid salts and vitamins
Ascending and transverse
Last portion of the colon that holds feces until defacation
Sigma
Egestion occurs
Rectum and anus
Pathway of digestion
Mouth Pharynx Esophagus Cardiac sphincter Stomach Pyloric sphincter Small intestine Duodenum Jejunum Ileum Illeocal valve Large intestine Cecum Colon ascending transverse and descending Sigmoid Rectum Anus
Name four accessory organs
Liver
Gallbladder
Pancreas
Peritoneum
Bodies largest grandular organ
Liver
Liver found in what quadrant
Upper right quadrant
Liver receives blood supply from
Hepatic artery
Detoxifies blood by removing toxins and poisons , absorbs bilirubin from destruction of old RBCs
Liver
The liver stores glucose as
Glycogen
This organ stores fats and carbs and also fat soluble vitamins such as A,D,E,K and iron
Liver
The liver aids in formation of what vitamin
A
The liver forms what three plasma proteins
Albumin
Prothrombin
Globulins
The liver produces blue and the gallbladder
Stores the bile
Stores and releases bile as needed into the small intestine
Gallbladder
Removal of gallbladder for liver to take over its functions
Cholecystomy
System of passageways for the transport of bile from the liver to the gallbladder to intestine
Biliary apparatus
Passageway of the biliary apparatus
Liver
Hepatic duct
Cystic duct
Gallbladder for storage
Activates the gallbladder to release bile
Cholecystokinin
Cholithiasis
Gall stones
The liver synthesizes carbs fats and proteins and delivers to the heart through
Hepatic vein
Located behind the stomach
Secretes insulin, glucagon, sematostatin into bloodstream to regulate blood sugar levels
Pancreas
Exocrine functions of the pancreas
Produces pancreatic juices by its acinar cells
Acinar cells in the pancrease produce three main enzymes
Amylase
Trypsin
Lipase
Amylase aids in breakdown of
Starch
Trypsin aids in breakdown of
Proteins to amino acids
Lipase aids in breakdown of
Fats and lipids into triglycerides
Pancreas activates enzymes in the
Small intestine duodenum portion
Also found in pancreatic juice is
Water and bicarbonates HCO3-
Best PH levels for enzymes to react is
5 to 8
Serous membrane that covers and protects abdominal organs
Peritoneum
The peritoneum is made if three layers
Visceral
Peritoneal cavity with fluid
Parietal
Folds of the peritoneum that provides support and protection to the intestines are called
Mesentaries
What enzyme is found in the mouth
Salivary amylase ptyalin
Ptyalin is an enzymes used to breakdown
Starch into dextrin
In the stomach lining this aids in stimulation of HCI and pepsin
Mucin
Regulatory hormones found in pyloric glands
Gastrin
Parietal cells of stomach secretes
HCI and intrisic factor
HCI hydroxides carbs into
Glucose and fructose
Chief cells of stomach
Pepsinogen
Gastric lipase
Pepsinogen in stomach turns into pepsin and
Begins digestion of proteins into polypeptides
Gastric lipase digests
Fats into triglycerides mostly emulsifies fats
Enzyme found in kidneys
Renin
Renin regulates
Blood pressure
Storage areas of the stomach
Fondus and body of stomach
Part of stomach used for main digestion
Pyloris
When activated by HCI Pepsinogen turns into pepsin which aids in
Breakdown of proteins
Intrisic factor is necessary for absorption of
Vitamin b12
Regulatory hormone produced by stomach which stimulates secretion of HCI and Pepsinogen also helps pancreas to secrete enzymes and gallbladder to secrete bile
Gastrin
Pyloric glands
A hormone secreted by the jejunum and duodenum of small intestine
Cholecystokinin
Cholecystokinin activates the
Gallbladder to release bile into the duodenum
Cholecystokinin CCK stimulates the pancreas to
Secrete pancreatic juices
Small intestine lining enzymes sucrase Maltese and lactase used to break down
Carbs
Absorbs nutrients from the small intestine into the blood stream for delivery to cells
Villi or microvilli
Gluelike particles found in the small intestine that transports digested fats to the villi
Micelles
Dead end lymph capillaries within each villus that’s absorbs fat soluble nutrients
Lacteals
Cellular respiration is a form of what type of metabolism
Catabolism
Muscle located between the esophagus and stomach
Cardiac sphincter
Difficulty in swallowing
Dysphagia
Finger like projection of the cecum that has no known function
Appendix
First portion of the small intestine which is 10-12 inches long
Duodenum
Process of transferring food elements into circulation for transportation
Absorption
Semiliquid that is formed in the stomach when food mixed with gastric juices
Chyme
First portion if the large intestine
Cecum
Ball of food mixed with saliva
Bolus
Process Of eliminating solid intestinal wastes from colon
Defacation
Breakdown of food into visible energy
Digestion
Longest portion of the large intestine
Colon
Swallowing process
Deglutination
Vomiting
Emesis
Greenish brownish liquid manufactured by liver and store in gallbladder
Bile
Extends from the pharynx to the stomach
Esophagus
Large sheet of serous membrane that covers many abdominal organs
Peritoneum
Secretions that digest food
Enzymes
Portion of the small intestine that is about 11 feet long
Ileum
Controls the opening between the stomach and the duodenal portion of the small intestine
Pyloric sphincter
Dead end lymph capillaries within each villus that absorbs fat soluble nutrients
Lacteals
Stores and releases bile as needed
Gall bladder
Act of chewing
Mastication
Middle section of the small intestine
Jejunum 8 ft long
Bodies largest grandular organ in the right upper abdominal cavity
Liver
Waves of contractions in the GI tract that move food along
Peristalsis
Particles that transport digested fats to the intestinal villi
Micelle
Folds in stomach
Rugae
Touch skeletal muscle covered in mucous membranes
Tongue
Finger like projections of intestines
Villi
secretion of saliva controlled by the nervous system
Salivation
CHO
Carbohydrates
Lower esophageal sphincter
Cardiac sphincter
Lower narrow portion of stomach
Pyloris
How long does it take to process food
48 hours
List functions of saliva
Break down starch
Assists swallowing
Softens and lubricates food
Dissolves some food components
Describe function of Rugae
Allows stomach to expand
Main function of large intestine
Re absorption
Describe livers role regarding vitamins
Storage
Exocrine function of pancreas
Acinar cells create pancreatic juice with enzymes to deliver to small intestine
Describe endocrine function of pancreas
Insulin glucagon sematostatin
Regulates blood sugar levels
Bile emulsifies
Fats