A&P 1-Chapter 12/ Nervous Tissue

Question 1

bundle of nerve fibers (axons) wrapped in fibrous connective tissue

Answer 1

Nerve

Question 2

About 90% of the neurons in the nervous system are __________ neurons.
sensory
A)motor
B)afferent
C)efferent
D)association

Answer 2

D)association

Question 3

When an electrical signal reaches the end of nerve fiber, the cell secretes a chemical neurotransmitter that influences the next cell

Answer 3

Secretion

Question 4

If threshold is reached, neuron fires fully.
If threshold is not reached, it does not fire.
This follows an________

Answer 4

All-or-none-law

Question 5

Regeneration of damaged nerve fibers in the CNS can occur but is significantly slower than PNS.

True or False

Answer 5

False

Explanation: CNS regeneration cannot occur at all.

Question 6

What cell provide electrical insulation around the neurosoma?
A) Satellite cells
B) Ependymal cells
C) Schwann cells
D) Schwann cells and Satellite cells

Answer 6

A) Satellite cells

Question 7

The ____ ____ system consists of nerves and ganglia

Answer 7

Peripheral nervous

Question 8

Myelinated fibers conduct signals with
______ ______
—(signal seems to jump from node to node)

Answer 8

saltatory conduction

Question 9

_____ _____division carries signals to glands, cardiac and smooth muscle

Answer 9

Visceral motor division (autonomic nervous system)

Question 10

The most abundant glial cell in CNS, covering brain surface and most nonsynaptic regions of neurons in the gray matter are _____
A)Ependymal cells
B)Astrocytes
C)Microglia
D)Oligodendrocytes

Answer 10

B) Astrocytes

Question 11

Supportive cells that bind neurons together and form framework for nervous tissue are called

Answer 11

Neuroglia or glial cells

Question 12

If a neuron is prevented from sending a neurotransmitter across a synapse to another cell, which neuron property is being inhibited?
A) Secretion
B) Excitability
C)Conductivity
D)Permeability

Answer 12

A) Secretion

Question 13

Line internal cavities of the brain; secrete and circulate cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
A)Ependymal cells
B)Astrocytes
C)Microglia
D)Oligodendrocytes

Answer 13

A) Ependymal cells

Question 14

some neurotransmitters make the membrane potential more negative—hyperpolarize it—so it becomes less likely to produce an action potential. This is known as being ____.

A) Nondecremental or decremental
B) Irreversible or reversible
C)Inhibitory or excitatory
D) Reversible

Answer 14

C) Inhibitory
or excitatory

Question 15

________ releases neurotransmitter and
________ responds to this neurotransmitter.

A) Postsynaptic neuron; Presynaptic neuron
B)Presynaptic neuron; Postsynaptic neuron

Answer 15

Presynaptic neuron; Postsynaptic neuron

Question 16

_____ _____ division carries signals from the viscera (heart, lungs, stomach, and urinary bladder)

Answer 16

Visceral sensory

Question 17

What system communicates by means of chemical messengers (hormones) secreted into the blood?

Answer 17

Endocrine system

Question 18

Speed at which a nerve signal travels along surface of nerve fiber depends on two factors. What are the two factors?
A) Length of Fiber and Presence of myelin
B) Diameter of fiber and presence or absence of myelin
C) Diameter of fiber and absence of myelin
D) Length of fiber and presence of absence of myelin

Answer 18

B) Diameter of fiber and presence or absence of myelin

Question 19

If excitatory local potential reaches____ _____ and is still strong enough, it can open these gates and generate an action potential

Answer 19

trigger zone

Question 20

The _____ ______ division carries signals from receptors in the skin, muscles, bones, and joints

Answer 20

Somatic sensory

Question 21

A cholinergic synapse uses __________ as its neurotransmitter.
A) monoamine
B) acetylcholine
C) epinephrine
D) norepinephrine
E)catecholamine

Answer 21

B) acetylcholine

Question 22

In the brain, neurons are more abundant than neuroglia.

A)True
B) Fasle

Answer 22

B) False

Question 23

Lie entirely within CNS connecting motor and sensory pathways (About 90% of our neurons) are ____

Answer 23

Interneurons

Question 24

____ _____division carries signals to skeletal muscles

Answer 24

Somatic motor

Question 25

Which neural disease causes loss of motor function and slurred speech due to degeneration of dopamine - releasing neurons?

Answer 25

Parkinson Disease

Question 26

Regeneration of damaged peripheral nerve fiber can occur if its neurosoma is intact and at least some neurilemma remains. True or False

Answer 26

True

Question 27

when neuron is damaged, astrocytes form hardened scar tissue and fill in space. This is called____ A) Astrocytosis B)Sclerosis C) All of the above

Answer 27

C) All of the above

Question 28

In a neuron, the opening of sodium gates typically leads to __________. A) repolarization of the plasma membrane B) hyperpolarization of the plasma membrane C) depolarization of the plasma membrane D) drifting of plasma membrane voltage toward a more negative value E) plasma membrane voltage returning to the resting membrane potential

Answer 28

C) depolarization of the plasma membrane

Question 29

An inhibitory local potential causes which of the following? A)Depolarization of the plasma membrane B)Hyperpolarization of the plasma membrane C)Repolarization of the plasma membrane D)Neutralization of the plasma membrane E)Drifting of the membrane potential towards the resting membrane potential

Answer 29

B)Hyperpolarization of the plasma membrane

Question 30

Supportive cells that protect neurons and help them function are called

Answer 30

Neuroglia or glial cells

Question 31

A difference in concentration of charged particles between one point and another

Answer 31

Electrical potential

Question 32

Ependymal cells line the inner cavities of the CNS. A)True B)False

Answer 32

A)True

Question 33

What has the greatest influence on Resting membrane potential? A) GABA B)Sodium C)Acetylcholine D)potassium

Answer 33

D)potassium

Question 34

What cells envelope nerve fibers in the PNS? A) Satellite cells B) Ependymal cells C) Schwann cells D) Schwann cells and Satellite cells

Answer 34

C) Schwann cells

Question 35

Conduction of a nerve impulse would be the fastest in which of the following? A) A large diameter myelinated fiber B) A small diameter myelinated fiber C) A large unmyelinated fiber D)A small unmyelinated fiber E)A small fiber with multiple Schwann cells

Answer 35

A) A large diameter myelinated fiber

Question 36

Form myelin sheaths in CNS that speed signal conduction A)Ependymal cells B)Astrocytes C)Microglia D)Oligodendrocytes

Answer 36

D) Oligodendrocytes

Question 37

which neurotransmitter Includes the catecholamines: Epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine? A) acetylcholine B) amino acids C) monoamines D) neuropeptides

Answer 37

C) monoamines

Question 38

What are the diseases of Myelin sheath? A) Multiple sclerosis B) MS C)Tay- Sachs disease D) All the above

Answer 38

D) All the above

Question 39

A neuron can receive thousands of EPSPs from different neurons, and responds by triggering or not triggering an action potential. This addition and response to the net effect of postsynaptic potentials is called __________. A) temporal summation B) neural summation C) spatial summation D) neuronal coding E) recruitment

Answer 39

C) spatial summation

Question 40

What are the three kinds of synapses?

Answer 40

Excitatory cholinergic synapse Inhibitory GABA-ergic synapse Excitatory adrenergic synapse

Question 41

______ system employs electrical and chemical means to send messages from cell to cell

Answer 41

Nervous

Question 42

One axon and one dendrite is referred to as a _____ A)Multipolar neuron B)Bipolar neuron C)Unipolar neuron D)Tripolar neurom

Answer 42

B)Bipolar neuron

Question 43

____________ exists because of unequal electrolyte distribution between extracellular fluid (ECF) and intracellular fluid (ICF) A) Resting membrane potential B) Electrical Potential C) Electrical current D) Action potential

Answer 43

A) Resting membrane potential (RMP)

Question 44

Respond to environmental changes called stimuli

Answer 44

Excitability

Question 45

Refractory period is the period of resistance to stimulation which happens in two phases. What are these two phases called?

Answer 45

Absolute refractory period & Relative refractory period

Question 46

A Single process leading away from neurosoma is referred to as a _____

Answer 46

Unipolar neuron

Question 47

Distal end of axon has terminal _____ which is an extensive complex of fine branches

Answer 47

arborization

Question 48

Regarding conduction speed, what type of nerve fibers would most likely be present is skeletal muscles? A) Small, unmyelinated fibers B) Large,unmyelinated fibers C)Large,myelinated fibers D)Small, myelinated fibers

Answer 48

C) Large,myelinated fibers Explanation: because these are the fastest due to larger diameter and myelin presence which further speeds signal conduction.

Question 49

Detect stimuli and transmit information about them toward the CNS

Answer 49

Sensory (afferent) neurons

Question 50

Contains synaptic vesicles full of neurotransmitter

Answer 50

Axon terminal

Question 51

What is the name of the glial cell that Monitors neuron activity, regulates blood flow to match metabolic need, Secretes nerve growth factors, and Communicates electrically with neurons ? A) Schwann cells B)Satelite cells C)Astrocytes D)Myelin sheath

Answer 51

C) Astrocytes

Question 52

Most common neurons in CNS are ___ ____ which contain one axon and multiple dendrites. A) Bipolar neuron B)Unipolar neuron C)Multipolar neuron D)Anaxonic neuron

Answer 52

C)Multipolar neuron

Question 53

Responds to stimuli by producing electrical signals that are quickly conducted to other cells at distant locations

Answer 53

Conductivity

Question 54

Tends to arouse body for action A)Sympathetic division B) Parasympathetic division

Answer 54

A)Sympathetic division

Question 55

Anterograde transport is movement A) up the axon toward the neurosoma B)down the axon toward the neurosoma C) down the axon away from the neurosoma D)up the axon away from the neurosoma

Answer 55

C) down the axon away from the neurosoma

Question 56

100 neurotransmitters have been identified but most fall into four major chemical categories. What are they ?

Answer 56

acetylcholine, amino acids, monoamines, and neuropeptides

Question 57

Send signals out to muscles and gland cells (the effectors)

Answer 57

Motor (efferent) neuron

Question 59

In an action potential, which event directly follows repolarization? A) Threshold is reached B) Hyperpolarization of the membrane C) Depolarization of the membrane D)Hypopolarization of the membrane E)The resting membrane potential is reinstated

Answer 59

B) Hyperpolarization of the membrane

Question 60

Energy is needed to create the resting potential. True or False

Answer 60

True

Question 61

Many CNS and PNS fibers are unmyelinated A) True B) False

Answer 61

A) True

Question 62

Put the following action potential steps in order from beginning to end: (note that some steps are missing, there is a total of 7 steps) 1) Depolarization reaches threshold at about 55mV which opens voltage -regulated gates 2)As membrane potential rises above 0 mV, Na+ channels are inactivated and close. 3)Arrival of current at axon hillock depolarizes membrane. 4) Slow K+ channels open and outflow of K+ repolarizes the cell. A) 4,3,2,1 B) 3,2,1,4 C) 3,1,2,4 D)1,2,3,4

Answer 62

C) 3,1,2,4

Question 63

study of cellular mechanisms for producing electrical potentials and currents

Answer 63

Electrophysiology

Question 64

Primary site for receiving signals from other neurons

Answer 64

Dendrites

Question 65

chemicals secreted by neurons that have long term effects on groups of neurons are called _______

Answer 65

neuromodulators

Question 66

Local potentials get weaker the farther they spread from the point of stimulation. This makes Local potentials _____ A)Graded B)Reversible C)Decremental D)Irreversible

Answer 66

C) Decremental

Question 67

originates from a mound on the neurosoma called the axon hillock.

Answer 67

Axon (nerve fiber)

Question 68

Tends to have calming effect A)Sympathetic division B) Parasympathetic division

Answer 68

B) Parasympathetic division

Question 69

A knotlike swelling in a nerve where the cell bodies of peripheral neurons are concentrated.

Answer 69

Ganglion (plural, ganglia)

Question 70

If stimulation ceases, the cell quickly returns to its normal resting potential. This is a property or local potentials referred to as _____

Answer 70

Reversible

Question 71

control center of neuron and is also called neurosoma or cell body

Answer 71

Neurosoma

Question 72

What is the most common inhibitory neutrotransmitter in the brain?

Answer 72

y-aminobutyric acid

Question 73

What kind of neuron has many dendrites but no axon and can be found in retina, brain, and adrenal gland?

Answer 73

Anaxonic neuron

Question 74

What cells produce a myelin sheath similar to the ones produced by oligodendrocytes in CNS? A) Satellite cells B) Ependymal cells C) Schwann cells D) Schwann cells and Satellite cells

Answer 74

C) Schwann cells

Question 75

____ _____ division carries signals from receptors in the skin, muscles, bones, and joints

Answer 75

Somatic sensory division

Question 76

What are the two types of cells that occur only in the PNS? A) Microglia and Astrocytes B) Satellite cells and Ependymal cells C) Ependymal cells and Schwann cells D) Schwann cells and Satellite cells

Answer 76

D) Schwann cells and Satellite cells

Question 77

Retrograde transport is movement A) up the axon toward the neurosoma B)down the axon toward the neurosoma C) down the axon away from the neurosoma D)up the axon away from the neurosoma

Answer 77

A) up the axon toward the neurosoma

Question 78

Adrenergic synapse employs the neurotransmitter norepinephrine (NE), also called ________

Answer 78

noradrenaline

Question 79

Wander through CNS looking for debris and damage A)Ependymal cells B)Astrocytes C)Microglia D)Oligodendrocytes

Answer 79

C)Microglia

Question 80

What are the gaps between segments within the myelin sheath called A)Trigger zone B)Initial segment C)Internodes D) Nodes of Ranvier

Answer 80

D) Nodes of Ranvier

Question 81

carries signals from CNS to effectors (glands and muscles that carry out the body’s response) A) Motor (efferent) division B) Somatic sensory division C) Visceral sensory division D)Sympathetic division

Answer 81

A) Motor (efferent) division

Question 82

What is the thick, outermost coil of myelin sheath called?

Answer 82

Neurilemma

Question 83

the ability to process, store, and recall information and use it to make decisions is called ______

Answer 83

Neural integration

Question 84

Which neurotansmitter includesInclude glycine, glutamate, aspartate, and y-aminobutyric acid (GABA)? A) acetylcholine B) amino acids C) monoamines D) neuropeptides

Answer 84

A) acetylcholine

Question 85

One axon and multiple dendrites is a _____ neuron

Answer 85

multipolar ## Footnote mostly found in brain and spinal cord

Question 86

A neuron containing one axon and on dendrite is

Answer 86

Bipolar ## Footnote ex:olfactory cells of the nose, some neurons of retina

Question 87

a neuron with one single process leading away from soma is called

Answer 87

unipolar

Question 88

A neuron with multiple dendrites, but not axon is called

Answer 88

anaxonic neurons

Question 89

Anterograde transport employs a motor protein called

Answer 89

kinesin

Question 90

Retrograde uses a motor protein called

Answer 90

dynein