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Pre-Pharm > A&P 28: Pregnancy & Human Development > Flashcards

A&P 28: Pregnancy & Human Development Flashcards

1
Q

Pregnancy

A

events that occur from the time of fertilization (conception) until the infant is born

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2
Q

Conceptus

A

pregnant woman’s developing offspring

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3
Q

Gestation period

A

development extends from the last menstrual period until birth (280 days)

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4
Q

Embryo

A

fertilization through week 8, the conceptus is called this

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5
Q

Fetus

A

from week 9 through birth, the conceptus is called this

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6
Q

Fertilization

A

occurs when a sperm’s chromosomes combine with those of an egg (secondary oocyte)

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7
Q

Zygote

A

fertilized egg

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8
Q

Capacitated

A

motility of the sperm must be enhanced and their membranes must become fragile so that the hydrolytic enzymes in their acrosomes can be released

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9
Q

Acrosomal reaction

A

involves the release of acrosomal enzymes (hyaluronidase, acrosin, proteases, and others) that digest holes through the zona pellucida

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10
Q

Polyspermy

A

entry of several sperm into an egg; occurs in some animals

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11
Q

Monospermy

A

in humans, only 1 sperm is allowed to penetrate the oocyte, ensuring this

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12
Q

Cortical reaction

A

calcium surges cause this reaction, in which granules located just outside the plasma membrane spill their enzymes into the extracellular space beneath the zona pellucida

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13
Q

Male pronucleus

A

nucleus of the sperm swells to 5x times its normal size

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14
Q

Female pronucleus

A

ovum nucleus swells

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15
Q

Cleavage

A

period of fairly rapid mitotic divisions of the zygote without intervening growth

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16
Q

Morula

A

berry-shaped cluster of 16 or more cells

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17
Q

Blastocyst

A

fluid-filled hollow sphere composed of a single layer of large, flattened cells (trophoblast cells)

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18
Q

Trophoblast cells

A

single layer of large, flattened cells that compose the blastocyst

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19
Q

Inner cell mass

A

small cluster of 20-30 rounded cells

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20
Q

Implantation

A

6-7 days after ovulation, given a properly prepared endometrium, this begins

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21
Q

Cytotrophoblast

A

cells in the inner layer of a trophoblast; AKA cellular trophoblast

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22
Q

Syncytiotrophoblast (syncytial trophoblast)

A

cells in the outer layer of a trophoblast that lose their plasma membranes and form this multinuclear cytoplasmic mass

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23
Q

Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)

A

viability of the corpus luteum is maintained by this LH-like hormone secreted by trophoblast cells

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24
Q

Placentation

A

formation of a placenta, a temporary organ that originates from both embryonic and maternal (endometrial) tissues

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25
Q

Chorion

A

outermost fetal membrane; helps form the placenta

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26
Q

Chorionic villi

A

fingerlike projections developed from the chorion which become especially elaborate where they are in contact with maternal blood

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27
Q

Lacunae

A

large, blood-filled, intervillous spaces in the stratum functionalis of the endometrium

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28
Q

Decidua basalis

A

part of the endometrium that lies beneath the embryo

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29
Q

Decidua capsularis

A

part of the endometrium surrounding the uterine cavity face of the implanted embryo

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30
Q

Gastrula

A

even while implantation is occurring, the blastocyst is being converted to this, in which the 3 primary germ layers form

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31
Q

Embryonic disc

A

subdivided inner cell mass

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32
Q

Extraembryonic membranes

A

membranes that form during the 1st 2-3 weeks of development, including the amnion, yolk sac, allantois, and chorion

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33
Q

Amnion

A

develops when cells of the epiblast fashion themselves into a transparent membranous sac

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34
Q

Amniotic fluid

A

fluid inside the amnion

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35
Q

Yolk sac

A

forms from cells of the primitive gut, which arrange themselves into a sac that hangs from the ventral surface of the embryo; in humans, forms part of the gut (digestive tube) and is the source of the earliest blood cells and blood vessels

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36
Q

Allantois

A

forms as a small outpocketing of embryonic tissue at the caudal end of the yolk sac; structural base for the umbilical cord

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37
Q

Umbilical cord

A

links the embryo to the placenta; ultimately becomes part of the urinary bladder

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38
Q

Primary germ layers

A

ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm

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39
Q

Gastrulation

A

process of forming a 3-layered embryo; involves cellular rearrangements and migrations

40
Q

Primitive streak

A

gastrulation begins when this groove with raised edges appears on the dorsal surface of the embryonic disc and establishes the longitudinal axis of the embryo

41
Q

Endoderm

A

most inferior germ layer

42
Q

Mesoderm

A

middle germ layer

43
Q

Notochord

A

rod of mesodermal cells; 1st axial support of the embryo

44
Q

Ectoderm

A

cells that remain on the embryo’s dorsal surface

45
Q

Organogenesis

A

formation of body organs and organ systems

46
Q

Primitive gut

A

tube of endoderm formed by the folding process

47
Q

Neurulation

A

1st major event of organogenesis; differentiation of ectoderm that produces the brain and spinal cord; induced by chemical signals from the notochord

48
Q

Neural plate

A

ectoderm overlying the notochord thickens, forming this

49
Q

Neural groove

A

once the neural plate has formed, the ectoderm starts to fold inward as this

50
Q

Neural folds

A

the neural groove deepens to form these prominent folds

51
Q

Neural tube

A

by day 22, the superior margins of the neural folds fuse, forming this, which soon pinches off from the ectodermal layer and becomes covered by surface ectoderm

52
Q

Neural crest cells

A

cells that migrate widely and give rise to the cranial, spinal, and sympathetic ganglia and associated nerves, to the chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla, to pigment cells of the skin, and contribute to some connective tissues

53
Q

Somite

A

largest of the 3 mesodermal aggregates; all 40 pairs are present by the end of week 4

54
Q

Sclerotome

A

part of a somite; migrates medially, gathers around the notochord and neural tube, and produces the vertebra and rib a the associated level

55
Q

Dermatome

A

part of a somite; helps form the dermis of the skin in the dorsal part of the body

56
Q

Myotome

A

part of a somite; develops in conjunction with vertebrae

57
Q

Limb buds

A

help form the muscles of the limbs

58
Q

Intermediate mesoderm

A

cells of this part of the mesoderm form the gonads and kidneys

59
Q

Lateral plate mesoderm

A

consists of paired mesodermal plates - somatic and splanchnic

60
Q

Coelom

A

ventral body cavity

61
Q

Umbilical arteries and vein

A

unique cardiovascular modifications seen only during prenatal development

62
Q

Ductus venosus

A

most of the blood coursing through the umbilical vein enters this venous shunt that bypasses the liver sinusoids

63
Q

Foramen ovale

A

opening in the interatrial septum loosely closed by a flap of tissue

64
Q

Ductus arteriosus

A

2nd shunt; transfers most of the blood directly into the aorta, bypassing the pulmonary circuit

65
Q

Relaxin

A

placental production of this hormone causes pelvic ligaments and the pubic symphysis to relax, widen, and become more flexible

66
Q

Human placental lactogen (hPL)

A

AKA human chorionic somatomammotropin (hCS); as the placenta enlarges, it secretes increasing amounts of this; works cooperatively with estrogens and progesterone to stimulate maturation of the breasts for lactation, promotes growth of the fetus, and exerts a glucose-sparing effect in the mother

67
Q

Teratogens

A

factors that may cause severe congenital abnormalities or fetal death (alcohol, nicotine, many drugs, maternal infections ~ German measles)

68
Q

Thalidomide

A

sedative used by 1000s of women in the 1960s to alleviate morning sickness; when taken during the period of limb bud differentiation (days 26-56), it sometimes resulted in tragically deformed infants with short flipperlike legs and arms

69
Q

Preeclampsia

A

dangerous complication of pregnancy; results in insufficient placental blood supply, which can starve a fetus of oxygen

70
Q

Parturition

A

culmination of pregnancy; giving birth

71
Q

Labor

A

series of events that expel the infant from the uterus

72
Q

False labor

A

Braxton Hicks contractions

73
Q

Oxytocin

A

substance produced by certain fetal cells; powerful uterine muscle stimulant; causes the placenta to release prostaglandins

74
Q

Prostaglandins

A

stimulate the synthesis of more gap junctions in uterine smooth muscle; powerful uterine muscle stimulant

75
Q

Dilation stage

A

time from labor’s onset until the cervix is fully dilated by the baby’s head (10cm)

76
Q

Expulsion stage

A

lasts from full dilation to delivery of the infant

77
Q

Placental stage

A

delivery of the placenta and its attached fetal membranes

78
Q

Afterbirth

A

placenta and its attached fetal membranes

79
Q

Neonatal period

A

4-week period immediately after birth

80
Q

Apgar score

A

1-5 minutes after birth, the infant’s physical status is assessed based on 5 signs: heart rate, respiration, color, muscle tone, and reflexes; each observation is given a score of 0 to 2; the total is called this; 8-10 = healthy baby

81
Q

Transitional period

A

for 6-8 hours after birth, infants pass through this unstable period marked by alternating periods of increased activity and sleep; vital signs are irregular and the baby gags frequently as it regurgitates mucus and debris

82
Q

Medial umbilical ligaments

A

distal parts of the umbilical arteries; become these ligaments

83
Q

Round ligament of the liver

A

the remnant of the umbilical vein becomes this ligament (ligamentum teres)

84
Q

Ligamentum venosum

A

the ductus venosus collapses as blood stops flowing through the umbilical vein and is eventually converted to this on the liver’s undersurface

85
Q

Fossa ovalis

A

slight depression leftover from the closed foramen ovale

86
Q

Ligamentum arteriosum

A

ductus arteriosus constricts and is converted to this cordlike structure

87
Q

Lactation

A

production of milk by the hormone-prepared mammary glands

88
Q

Prolactin

A

anterior pituitary gland secretes this to stimulate milk production

89
Q

Colostrum

A

during the initial delay of lactation and during late gestation, mammary glands secrete this yellowish fluid; has less lactose than milk and almost no fat, but contains more protein, vitamin A and minerals than true milk; rich in IgA antibodies

90
Q

Let-down reflex

A

oxytocin causes this reflex, the actual ejection of milk from the alveoli of the mammary glands

91
Q

Meconium

A

tarry, green-black paste containing sloughed-off epithelial cells, bile, and other substances

92
Q

Behavior methods

A

coitus interruptus, rhythm method, abstinence; altering behavior to prevent pregnancy

93
Q

Barrier methods

A

diaphragms, cervical caps, male/female condoms, spermicides; techniques that prevent the sperm and egg from meeting and implanting

94
Q

Hormonal methods

A

include a broad variety of hormone-containing contraceptive products (pill, IUD, patches, vaginal ring, implanted/injected agents)

95
Q

Sterilization techniques

A

permanently prevent gamete release; tubal ligation, vasectomy

Pre-Pharm (182 decks)

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