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From Flashcardlet > A&P Ch. 3 Outline > Flashcards

A&P Ch. 3 Outline Flashcards

0
Q

Cells are composed of and surrounded by..

A
  1. Plasma Membrane encloses the cell
  2. Cytoplasm fills the cell
  3. Nucleus controls the cell
  4. Organelles exist in the cytoplasm
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1
Q

Cell Theory

A

All organisms are composed of cells. All cells arise from Pre-existing cells

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2
Q

Cells exist..

A
  1. Alone

2. With others as tissues

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3
Q

Cells are surrounded by..

A
  1. Extra-cellular fluid

2. Matrix

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4
Q

Membrane bound organelles

A

Organelles that are composed of membranes

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5
Q

Mitochondria

A
  1. Generates energy

2. Membrane bound irganelle

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6
Q

Vacuoles

A
  1. Ingest molecules

2. Membrane bound organelle

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7
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum

A
  1. Processes proteins

2. Membrane bound organelle

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8
Q

Lysosomes

A
  1. Hydrolyze molecules

2. Membrane bound organelle

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9
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A
  1. Package proteins

2. Membrane bound organelle

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10
Q

Nuclear membrane

A
  1. Enclose nucleus

2. Membrane bound organelle

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11
Q

Vesicles

A
  1. Transport substances

2. Membrane bound organelle

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12
Q

Non membrane bounded organelle

A

Organelle not composed of membranes

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13
Q

Ribosomes

A
  1. Make proteins

2. Non membrane bound organelle

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14
Q

Chromatin

A
  1. Contains DNA

2. Non membrane bound organelle

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15
Q

Nucleolus

A
  1. Makes ribosomes

2. Non membrane bound organelle

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16
Q

Two types of cells exist in nature..

A

Prokaryotic and eukaryotic

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17
Q

Prokaryotic cell

A

Contain only non membrane bound organelles; found in bacteria

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18
Q

Eukaryotic cell

A

Contains both kinds of organelles; found in all other organisms

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19
Q

Four types of tissue exist…

A
  1. Epithelial
  2. Connective
  3. Muscular
  4. Nervous
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20
Q

Cell activities can be divided into 4 broad functional systems

A
  1. Nucleus and control
  2. Cytoskeletal elements
  3. Membrane systems
  4. Mitochondria and energy systems
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21
Q

Membrane systems function in…

A
  1. Communication
  2. Transport
  3. Membrane potentials
  4. Locomotion
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22
Q

Chromosomes in the nucleus contains..

A

DNA

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23
Q

Chromosomes are composed of..

A

DNA and proteins called histones

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24
Q

An average human cell contains how many feet of DNA?

A

6

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25
Q

DNA contains..

A

Genes

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26
Q

The genome of an organism refers to what?

A

All it’s genes

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27
Q

DNA does what?

A

Stores info

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28
Q

What are the 3 roles of DNA?

A
  1. Replication
  2. Protein synthesis
  3. Repair
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29
Q

How does DNA transmit info to the cytoplasm?

A

By mRNA

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30
Q

Codon

A

3 DNA bades

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31
Q

Proteins are the key to..

A

Cell characteristics

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32
Q

Chemical reactions determine what?

A

Cell characteristics

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33
Q

All chemical reactions require..

A

Enzymes

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34
Q

Enzymes are..

A

Proteins

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35
Q

The cell makes proteins by..

A

Protein synthesis

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36
Q

What are the steps in protein synthesis?

A
  1. Transcription
  2. mRNA processing
  3. mRNA transport into cytoplasm
  4. mRNA associates with ribosomes
  5. Translation
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37
Q

A gene is what?

A

A section of DNA

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38
Q

How may genes exist per human cell?

A

30,000

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39
Q

Genes contain unused sections called..

A

Introns

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40
Q

DNA is also found in what?

A

Mitochondria

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41
Q

mRNA is produced from DNA in..

A

Transcription

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42
Q

mRNA is processed in the nucleus how?

A
  1. Introns are cut out

2. Other processes occur

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43
Q

mRNA is transported into the cytoplasm through the..

A

Nuclear membrane

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44
Q

A system to transport the raw materials to assembly line..

A

tRNA

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45
Q

There are how many different tRNAs?

A

20

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46
Q

Each tRNA transports what?

A

A specific AA

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47
Q

tRNA anticodons link to what?

A

mRNA codons

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48
Q

AA aligned by codons and join to form a growing what?

A

Polypeptide chain

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49
Q

DNA errors (mutations) are corrected by what?

A

The second DNA strand which acts as a template

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50
Q

Translation errors are corrected by what?

A

The ribosomes which recognize weaker hydrogen bonds of mismatched bases

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51
Q

Regulator proteins associated with the DNA function to..

A
  1. Turn genes on (gene expression)
  2. Turn genes off
  3. Start DNA replication
  4. Stop DNA replication
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52
Q

Signal molecules which turn regulator proteins or genes on or off include..

A
  1. Proteins inside the cell
  2. Steroids from outside the cell
  3. Hormones from outside the cell
  4. Others
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53
Q

What is a natural process in protein recycling?

A

Protein degradation

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54
Q

Apoptosis

A

Eliminates defective DNA and damaged cells

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55
Q

What molecule is needed for apoptosis?

A

FasL

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56
Q

What controls the production of FasL?

A

Gene p53

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57
Q

Dying cells have what?

A

A receptor for FasL

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58
Q

What are the components if the cytoskeletal?

A
  1. Microfilaments
  2. Microtubules
  3. Intermediate filaments
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59
Q

Micro filaments are composed if what?

A

Actin

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60
Q

What are the functions of the cytoskeletal?

A
  1. Internal movement of molecules and organelles ; use motor proteins
  2. Internal support
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61
Q

Membrane systems are involved in what?

A

Transport and cell-to-cell communication

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62
Q

Membranes are composed of what?

A

Lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates

63
Q

Lipids include..

A
  1. Phospholipids
  2. Steroids
  3. Glycolipids
64
Q

Phospholipids make up how much of the membrane lipids?

A

75%

65
Q

What are the functions of phospholipids?

A
  1. Form the sheet of the membrane
  2. Modulate protein activity
  3. Generate second messengers
66
Q

Steroids make up ___ of the membrane lipids

A

20%

67
Q

Steroids consist mainly of _____

A

Cholesterol

68
Q

Steroids function to provide_____

A

Rigidity

69
Q

Glycolipids make up ___ of the membrane lipids

A

5%

70
Q

Proteins make up __ of the number of molecules in membranes but __ of the weight if the

A

1-10% ; 50%

71
Q

Proteins function as..

A
  1. Transport proteins
  2. Receptors
  3. Enzymes
  4. Adhesion proteins
  5. Motors
  6. Most perform more than one of the above functions
72
Q

Carbohydrates form an outer covering called a ___

A

Glycocalyx

73
Q

Transport of particles is mainly through ____

A

Membranes

74
Q

Mediated transport requires a transport protein and includes..

A
  1. Facilitated diffusion
  2. Active transport
  3. Some endocytosis
75
Q

Non-mediated transport does NOT use a transport protein and includes..

A
  1. Osmosis
  2. Some dialysis
  3. Some filtration
76
Q

Membranes are ____

A

Selectively permeable

77
Q

The following cross through the lipid bilayer (non-mediated transport)

A
  1. Lipids
  2. Non-polar molecules
  3. Small polar molecules
78
Q

The following cross with transport proteins (mostly carrier-mediated transport)

A
  1. Large polar molecules

2. Ions

79
Q

Holes or ___ transport proteins involved in carrier-mediated transport

A

Channel proteins

80
Q

___ & ____ transport proteins involved in carrier-mediated transport

A

Carriers; pumps

81
Q

Transport proteins are ____ (controlled) and can be opened and closed

A

Gated

82
Q

Types of gates include..

A
  1. Voltage
  2. Ligand
  3. Mechano
83
Q

Characteristic of transport proteins

A
  1. Specificity
  2. Saturation
  3. Competition
84
Q

Concentrations of solutions is measured by..

A
  1. Weight
  2. Volume
  3. Molarity
  4. Percentage
85
Q

Tonic

A

Solute

86
Q

Iso

A

Same

87
Q

Hyper

A

Greater than

88
Q

Hypo

A

Less than

89
Q

The net movement of particles is from their ___ to ____ concentration

A

High ; low

90
Q

The greater difference in ___, the greater the net movement

A

Concentration

91
Q

Passive transport processes do NOT require ____

A

Metabolic energy

92
Q

____ is the movement of particles

A

Diffusion

93
Q

____ is the diffusion of solute through a membrane

A

Dialysis

94
Q

____ is the diffusion of water through a membrane

A

Osmosis

95
Q

____ is a potential pressure

A

Osmotic pressure

96
Q

Osmotic concentration depends on..

A
  1. Number of solute particles

2. Not the size of solute particles

97
Q

Osmotic pressure is proportional to..

A

Osmotic concentration

98
Q

Osmotic pressure of a one molar solution is..

A
  1. 22.4 atmospheres

2. 329 lbs/square inch

99
Q

Osmotic pressure of a one molar solution is determined by:

A
  1. Number of particles

2. Not by the size of particles

100
Q

Osmotic pressure of a one molar solution is measured in:

A
  1. Osmole
  2. Milliosmole
  3. Osmolarity
  4. Milliosmolarity
101
Q

D-5-W

A

5% glucose solution

102
Q

Facilitated diffusion requires ___ for transport across a membrane

A

Transport proteins

103
Q

Active transport processes do require _____

A

Metabolic energy

104
Q

Pinocytosis

A

Ingests molecules and fluid; occurs in all cells

105
Q

Receptor-mediated endocytosis

A

Ingests specific molecules with little fluid

106
Q

Components of a chemical communication system include:

A
  1. Stimulus
  2. Sending cell
  3. Signal molecule
  4. Target cell
  5. Action
107
Q

The stimulus may be..

A
  1. Molecules
  2. Ions
  3. Contact
108
Q

The sending cell produces the signal molecule ___ are activated

A

Genes

109
Q

The sending cell produces the signal molecule ____ are produced

A

Proteins

110
Q

The signal molecule is usually a:

A
  1. Steroid
  2. Protein
  3. Polypeptide
  4. Amino Acid
111
Q

The signal molecule finds its target with a specific receptor which is:

A
  1. Complementary to the signal molecule
  2. Binds to the signal molecule
  3. Often produced only when needed
  4. Located inside target cell for steroid signals
112
Q

The target cell ___ (up regulate) and ___ (down regulate) the receptor

A

Produces ; removes

113
Q

Functions of second messenger

A
  1. Relay the signal
  2. Amplify the signal
  3. Integrate the signal
114
Q

Smooth ER metabolic functions include

A
  1. Lipid metabolism in the liver
  2. Steroid hormone synthesis by the testes
  3. Adsorption, synthesis, and transport of fats by intestines
  4. Drug detoxification by liver and kidney using cytochrome P450 enzymes
115
Q

Metabolism is the total ____ of a cell

A

Chemistry

116
Q

Cells are composed of _____

A

Organic compounds

117
Q

Cells require ____ in a usable form

A

Energy

118
Q

Organic compounds undergo two forms of metabolism

A
  1. Anabolism

2. Catabolism

119
Q

Anabolism is the ___ of molecules

A

Building

120
Q

Catabolism is the ____ of molecules

A

Breakdown

121
Q

All metabolic reactions require ____

A

Enzymes

122
Q

What is ATP?

A
  1. Adenosine TriPhosphate

2. Primary energy carrier

123
Q

ATP is composed _____ and ___ phosphate groups

A

Adenosine ; 3

124
Q

Where does a cell get its ATP?

A

From any oxidizable substance

125
Q

Permanent molecules are recycled such as..

A

Coenzymes and cytochromes

126
Q

Coenzymes are permanent molecules in ___ in the cell which give or take _____

A

Solution ; hydrogen

127
Q

Examples of coenzymes are…

A
  1. NAD & NADH2

2. FAD & FADH2

128
Q

Cytochromes are permanent molecules attached to ____ in the cell which give or take ____

A

Membranes ; electrons

129
Q

Many coenzymes are re-supplied by ____

A

Vitamins

130
Q

What is the electron transport system?

A

The most efficient ATP generating system in a cell (but not the only source of ATP)

131
Q

The ETS generates ATP by _____

A

Oxidative phosphorylation

132
Q

The ETS is composed of ____

A

Cytochromes

133
Q

The ETS requires a _____ which accepts ____ and _____

A

Final electron acceptor ; electron ; hydrogen

134
Q

The ETS is located on the ______

A

Inner mitochondrial membrane

135
Q

Reduced ____ supply electrons and hydrogen to the ETS

A

Coenzymes

136
Q

Reduced coenzymes are generated by oxidation of ____

A

Organic compounds

137
Q

_____ the most important supplier of energy

A

Cellular respiration

138
Q

Cellular respiration is ____

A

Aerobic

139
Q

What are the 3 parts of cellular respiration?

A
  1. Glycolysis
  2. Krebs Cycle
  3. ETS
140
Q

Glycolysis is the ____ (or other carbohydrates) to ____

A

Glucose ; pyruvic acid

141
Q

In glycolysis the first step turns glucose into ____

A

Glucose-6-phosphate

142
Q

Glucose-6-phosphate is turned into 2_____

A

PGALs

143
Q

2PGALs are turned into 2____

A

Pyruvic acids

144
Q

In the second event if glycolysis the 2 pyruvic acids are oxidized to two _____

A

Acetyl CoAs

145
Q

The Krebs Cycle is the ___ of ____

A

Oxidation ; acetyl CoA

146
Q

The Krebs Cycle begins with a ___ carbon molecule; end with ___ carbon molecule

A

6 ; 4

147
Q

Event 3 of glycolysis is ____

A

Krebs cycle

148
Q

In event 4 of glycolysis reduced coenzymes transport ___ to ___

A

Electrons ; ETS

149
Q

In event 5 of glycolysis the ETS generates _ ATPs for each NADH2 and _ ATPs for each FADH2

A

3 ; 2

150
Q

Fermentation is

A

An alternate supplier of energy

151
Q

Fermentation is ___

A

Anaerobic

152
Q

Fermentation involves the breakdown of one ___ to two ___

A

Glucose ; pyruvic acids

153
Q

In fermentation the two pyruvic acids are changed into two ____

A

Lactic acids

154
Q

Fermentation generates a net of ___ ATPs per glucose

A

2

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