A&P Lab 8: Skeletal System Flashcards
1
Q
Skeletal system
A
consists of bones, cartilage, ligaments, and joints
2
Q
Human skeleton
A
206 bones
3
Q
Osseous tissue
A
bone; tissue composed of living cells that require nutrients and give off waste just as any other cells in the body
4
Q
Osteocytes
A
bone cells; produce the hard, calcium phosphate matrix that make up the bulk of bone
5
Q
Matrix
A
calcium phosphate; makes up the bulk of bone
6
Q
Compact bone
A
1 of 2 arrangements of osteocytes and matrix; organized in a circular fashion in an osteion or Haversian system
7
Q
Spongy bone
A
1 of 2 arrangements of osteocytes and matrix; arranged in a 3D latticework which forms many small spaces which typically house red bone marrow
8
Q
Axial skeleton
A
skull, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum
9
Q
Appendicular skeleton
A
arms/legs
10
Q
Cranium
A
skull consists of this, which houses the brain
11
Q
Facial bones
A
support anterior structures of the head
12
Q
Sutures
A
flat bones of the cranium are joined by these narrow, immoveable articulations
13
Q
Frontal bone
A
one large, flat anterior bone
14
Q
Parietal bone
A
2 large, flat bones forming the anterior lateral wall
15
Q
Temporal bones
A
2 large bones forming the inferior lateral wall
16
Q
Occipital bones
A
1 large, flat posterior bone
17
Q
Sphenoid bone
A
1 butterfly-shaped, mostly interior bone
18
Q
Ethmoid bone
A
1 small, interior bone anterior to the sphenoid bone
19
Q
Coronal suture
A
between the frontal and parietal bones
20
Q
Sagittal suture
A
between the 2 parietal bones
21
Q
Lambdoidal suture
A
between the parietal bones and the occipital bones
22
Q
Squamosal suture
A
between the temporal and parietal bones
23
Q
Maxillary bones
A
2 bones that form the upper jaw and hard palate
24
Q
Zygomatic bones
A
2 that form the cheek bones
25
Lacrimal bones
2 that form the medial orbit of the eye
26
Nasal bones
2 that form the proximal bridge of the nose
27
Inferior nasal conchae
2 forming the lateral wall of nasal cavity
28
Palatine bones
2 forming the posterior hard palate
29
Mandible
1 forming the lower jaw
30
Vomer
one that forms the floor of the nasal cavity
31
Supraorbital foramina
openings located above each eye socket, or orbit, which transmits the supraorbital nerve and artery
32
Supraorbital ridges
thickenings of the frontal bone superior to each orbit
33
Mastoid process
a rounded projection at the inferior surface that serves as attachment for muscles of mastication (chewing)
34
Styloid process
a narrow, pointed projection anterior to the mastoid process that is an attachment for muscles of the neck and tongue
35
External auditory meatus
the cave-like tube through the temporal bone that supports the ear canal
36
Mandibular fossa
a depression of the inferior surface that receives the condylar process of the mandible
37
Zygomatic process
a slender projection forming part of the cheekbone, which articulates with the zygomatic bone
38
Carotid canal (foramen)
a round opening at the inferior surface that transmits the carotid artery
39
Jugular foramen
a large opening at the inferior surface that transmits the jugular vein
40
Foramen lacerum
a narrow opening with jagged edges at the inferior surface; it is filled with cartilage in a living skull
41
Stylomastoid foramen
a small opening at the inferior surface for cranial nerve VII (facial nerve) and an artery
42
Internal auditory meatus
a small opening at the inferior surface for cranial nerve VII (vestibulocochlear nerve)
43
Foramen magnum
the large opening that allows the spinal cord to connect to the lower brain
44
Occipital condyles
2 rounded processes on opposing sides of the foramen magnum that articulate with the atlas
45
Hypoglossal foramina
2 openings that transmit cranial nerve XII (hypoglossal nerve)
46
Crista galli
a narrow ridge on the superior surface that serves as an attachment for brain membranes
47
Cribiform plates
located on opposing sides of the crista galli, they are sieve-like surfaces that form the roof of the nasal cavity; the perforations (olfactory foramina), permit the olfactory sensory nerves forming cranial I to pass to the brain
48
Olfactory foramina
perforations of the cribiform plates that permit the olfactory sensory nerves forming cranial I to pass to the brain
49
Perpendicular plate
a flat interior surface forming the superior part of the nasal septum
50
Superior nasal conchae
scroll-like projections on each lateral wall of the nasal cavity
51
Middle nasal conchae
scroll-like projections on each lateral wall of the nasal cavity, inferior to the superior nasal conchae
52
Optic foramina
round openings for cranial nerve II (optic nerve)
53
Foramina rotunda
2 openings for the maxillary branch of cranial nerve V (trigeminal nerve)
54
Foramina ovale
2 oval openings for the mandibular branch of cranial nerve V (trigeminal nerve)
55
Greater and lesser wings
flat surfaces that form the anterior and lateral floor of the cranium
56
Sella turcica
a saddle-like bony feature that supports the pituitary gland
57
Superior orbital fissures
narrow openings at each orbit that transmits blood vessels and nerves
58
Inferior orbital fissures
narrow openings below each superior orbital fissure for blood vessels and nerves
59
Alveolar processes (maxillae)
ridges surrounding tooth sockets (alveoli)
60
Palatine process
flat surfaces forming the anterior part of the hard palate, which fuse in the center
61
Alveolar processes (mandible)
ridges surrounding tooth sockets (alveoli)
62
Body
the curved, anterior portion
63
Ramus
the posterior arms that angle upward
64
Angle
the corner where the ramus begins its upward angle
65
Mental foramina
2 openings on the external surface of the body, one on each side
66
Mandibular foramina
2 openings on the inside surface of the ramus, one on each side
67
Mandibular condyles
2 rounded projections on the superior part of the ramus on both sides
68
Coronoid processes
anterior of the 2 superior projections of the ramus, one on each side
69
Mandibular notches (arches)
a large, u-shaped curve of the superior edge of the ramus on each side
70
Paranasal sinuses
cavities within certain bones of the skull that are lined with mucous membranes & communicate with the nasal cavities by way of small openings
71
4 Paranasal sinuses
frontal, sphenoidal, ethmoidal, and maxillary
72
Fontanels
soft spots on fetal skulls
73
Anterior (frontal) fontanel
located between the frontal bones and parietal bones
74
Anterolateral (spheoidal) fontanel
located between the parietal, temporal, and sphenoidal bones
75
Posterior (occipital) fontanel
found between the parietal and occipital bones
76
Posterolateral (mastoid) fontanel
located between the parietal, occipital, and temporal bones
77
Vertebrae
series of irregular bones that makes up the vertebral column, protects the spinal cord, and provides attachment sites for muscles of the back
78
Vertebral column regions
cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal
79
Spinal canal
supports the spinal cord
80
Intervertebral foramina
transmits spinal nerves
81
Intervertebral disc
each superior vertebra articulates with an inferior vertebra at a thickened joint called this
82
4 Spinal Curvatures
cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and sacral curvatures
83
Body (vertebra)
central, rounded part located anteriorly
84
Pedicle (vertebra)
the footpiece, attaching to both sides of the body
85
Transverse process (vertebra)
2 lateral projections, one from each pedicle
86
Spinous process (vertebra)
a single projection in a posterior direction
87
Lamina (vertebra)
a plate that connects transverse processes to the spinous process
88
Vertebral arch
an arch formed by the fusion of the pedicles and lamina
89
Vertebral foramen
a large opening between the body and vertebral arch that transmits the spinal cord
90
Articular processes (vertebra)
2 superior and 2 inferior processes that articulate with adjacent vertebrae; the superior __ ____ face toward the spinous process; the inferior __ ____ face in the opposite direction
91
Atlas
1st vertebra in the cervical region (C1); named for the mythical Greek god who supported the world on his shoulders
92
Superior articular facets
atlas includes these 2, which articulate with the occipital condyles of the skull to permit the up and down movement of the head
93
Axis
2nd cervical vertebra (C2); includes a large vertical process (dens or odontoid process), which serves as a pivot for rotation of the atlas and skull in a lateral direction
94
Dens (odontoid process)
part of the axis; serves as a pivot for rotation of the atlas and skull in a lateral direction
95
Facets
smooth surfaces of the thoracic vertebrae on the transverse processes; articulates with the ribs
96
Demifacets
half-sized facets; an articulating surface (with the ribs)
97
Sacrum
triangular bone in the adult resulting from the fusion of 5 sacral vertebrae
98
Superior articular processes
sacrum articulates superiorly with L5 at these (inferiorly with the coccyx)
99
Sacral foramina
openings for sacral nerves
100
Median sacral crest
on the posterior side of the sacrum; a remnant of the spinous processes of the fused vertebrae
101
Sacral canal
superior opening into the sacrum that extends through it, terminating near the coccyx at an enlarged opening (sacral hiatus)
102
Sacral hiatus
enlarged opening of the sacral canal near the coccyx
103
Sacral promontory
at the anterior border of the body of S1; important landmark in females for obstetricians
104
Coccyx
tailbone; formed by the fusion of 2 or more coccygeal vertebrae; attached to the sacrum by ligaments
105
Thoracic cage (thorax)
part of the axial skeleton that forms the thoracic cavity; composed of thoracic vertebrae, the ribs, the sternum, and the costal cartilages extending between the ribs and sternum; protects the heart, lungs, and other organs within the thoracic cavity
106
Ribs
include 12 pairs in both males and females; each one is a long, curved, flat bone
107
True ribs (vertebrosternal ribs)
the 1st seven pairs of ribs; their costal cartilages attach directly to the sternum
108
False ribs
the last 5 rib pairs (8-12); do not attach directly to the sternum
109
Vertebrochondral ribs
rib pairs 8-10; their costal cartilages attach to the sternum indirectly, by way of attachment to the costal cartilage of rib pairs 7
110
Floating ribs (vertebral ribs)
False rib pairs 11 & 12; lack any attachment at their distal ends
111
Intercostal space
Space between adjacent ribs
112
Head (rib)
thickened proximal end of a rib that articulates with the demifacets of the thoracic vertebra bodies
113
Neck (rib)
narrow part of the rib distal to the head
114
Tubercle
small thickening near the neck of a rib that articulates with the facet of a transverse process of a thoracic vertebra
115
Body (rib)
forms the main part of the rib
116
Sternum
relatively wide, flat bone of the anterior thorax; commonly known as the breastplate; composed of 3 bones that fused during development
117
Manubrium
superior part of the sternum, articulates with the 2 clavicles
118
Jugular notch (suprasternal notch)
concave surface at the superior border of the manubrium, articulates with rib pair 1
119
Body (sternum)
forms the main part of the bone; includes articulations with rib pairs 2-7
120
Sternal angle
between the manubrium and body is this transverse ridge; important clinical landmark for counting ribs to locate the 2nd intercostal space when evaluating the heart
121
Xiphoid process
forms the inferior part of the sternum, located at the 5th intercostal space; resembles a downward pointing sword, from which it was named
122
Clavicle
slender, double curved bone that attaches the upper limbs to the axial skeleton
123
Sternal end
blund, medial extremity of the clavicle, which articulates with the manubrium of the sternum
124
Acromial end
slightlly flattened lateral extremity of the clavicle, which articulates with the acromion of the scapula
125
Scapula
triangular bone with projections for muscle attachment
126
Spine (scapula)
narrow ridge on the posterior side
127
Acromion
flattened, prominent process at the lateral end of the spine (of the scapula)
128
Coracoid process
beak-like process superior and medial to the glenoid cavity
129
Glenoid cavity
socketed depression inferior to the acromion, which articulates with the head of the humerus
130
Supraspinous fossa
a depression superior to the spine (of the scapula)
131
Infraspinous fossa
a depression inferior to the spine (of the scapula)
132
Subscapular fossa
the large, slightly depressed surface on the anterior side
133
Lateral (axillary) border
the lateral edge, which is near the axilla
134
Medial (vertebral) border
the medial edge, which is near the vertebral column
135
Humerus
the single bone of the arm
136
Head (humerus)
the rounded, proximal end of the humerus
137
Anatomical neck
the distal border of the head of the humerus
138
Surgical neck
the constricted area immediately distal to the anatomical neck of the humerus, which is a common site of fracture
139
Greater tubercle
a prominent, lateral projection distal to the anatomical neck of the humerus
140
Lesser tubercle
a smaller, medial projection of the humerus
141
Intertubercular (bicipital) groove
a narrow channel between the 2 tubercles of the humerus
142
Deltoid tuberosity
a roughened area near the midpoint of the shaft of the humerus, which provides attachment to the large deltoid muscle of the shoulder
143
Trochlea
a spool-shaped condyle on the medial side of the distal end, which articulates with the radius of the forearm
144
Capitulum
a rounded condyle on the lateral side of the distal end, which articulates with the radius of the forearm
145
Medical epicondyle
a knob-like projection on the medial side, superior to the trochlea
146
Lateral epicondyle
a small knob-like projection of the lateral side, superior to the capitulum
147
Coronoid fossa
a shallow depression on the anterior surface of the distal end of the humerus
148
Olecranon fossa
a shallow depression on the posterior surface of the distal end of the humerus
149
Radius
the lateral bone of the forearm, in line with the thumb; articulates with the humerus at its proximal end and with the ulna at its distal end
150
Head (radius)
the disc-shaped proximal extremity, which articulates with the capitulum of the ulna
151
Radial tuberosity
a roughened surface just below the head on the medial side of the shaft, which attaches to the tendon of the biceps brachii muscle
152
Ulnar notch
a small surface area at the distal end that articulates with the ulna
153
Styloid notch
a pointed lateral projection at the distal extremity of the radius
154
Ulna
medial bone of the forearm; includes a proximal prominence that forms part of the elbow
155
Olecranon process
a prominent, curved projection on the posterior side of the proximal end of the ulna, which is the bony elbow
156
Coronoid process
a smaller, curved projection on the anterior side of the proximal end of the ulna, and distal to the olecranon process
157
Trochlear notch
a prominent depression separating the olecranon process and the coronoid process, which receives the trochlea of the humerus
158
Styloid process
a pointed medial projection at the distal extermity of the ulna
159
Hand
composed of the bones of the wrist, the bones of the body of the hand, and the bones of the fingers
160
Carpals
8 short bones that form the wrist (carpus); proximal row of 4 bones, medial to lateral, include the scaphoid, lunate, triquetral, and pisiform bones; the distal row of 4 bones, medial to lateral, include the trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, and hamate bones
161
Metacarpals
the small long bones supporting the palm of the hand, or metacarpus; there are 5 of these bones, numbered 1-5 from lateral (thumb side) to medial; articulate with the carpals of the wrist, and the rounded heads of each bone articulates with the digits distally; in a clenched fist, the heads of these form the knuckles
162
Phalanges (fingers)
the 14 bones of the digits or fingers, numbered 1-5 from lateral (thumb side) to medial; each one contains 3 ____, proximal, middle, and distal, except the thumb (pollex), which has only 2 ____, proximal and distal
163
Pelvic girdle
supports the upright weight of the body superior to it; provides attachment sites for muscles of the hip and thigh; consists of 2 hip (coxal) bones
164
Os coxae
hip/coxal bones (right and left), each formed by the ilium, ischium, and pubis; connect the lower limb to the axial skeleton
165
Acetabulum
os coxae contribute to the formation of the large socket that receives the head of the femur at this hip joint
166
Obturator foramen
large opening that permits nerves and blood vessels
167
Pelvis
2 os coxae articulate anteriorly at a slightly flexible joint (pubic symphysis); posteriorly they articulate with the sacrum at the sacroiliac joints; the result is the ______
168
Ilium
the largest and most superior of the 3 bones of the os coxae
169
Iliac crest
superior border of the ilium
170
Anterior superior iliac spine
a small projection at the anterior end of the iliac crest
171
Posterior superior iliac spine
a small projection at the posterior end of the iliac crest
172
Auricular surface
a surface area on the posterior side that articulates with the sacrum at the sacroiliac joint
173
Greater sciatic notch
a large indentation on the posterior side of the ilium
174
Iliac fossa
a shallow depression on the anterior surface of the ilium
175
Ischium
the inferior and posterior part of the coxal bone
176
Ischial tuberosity
a roughened projection on the posterior and inferior margin of the ischium; it receives the weight of the body when sitting
177
Ischial spine
a posterior projection superior to the ischial tuberosity
178
Lesser sciatic notch
a small indentation between the ischial tuberosity and the ischial spine
179
Ischial ramus
a flat portion of the ischium
180
Pubis
the most anterior part of the coxal bone
181
Pubic symphysis
a slightly flexible joint where the 2 pubis bones meet
182
Pelvis
formed by 2 coxal bones and the sacrum, AKA the pelvic girdle
183
Pelvic brim (pelvic inlet)
superior margin of the pelvis extending from the sacral promontory laterally and anteriorly to the pubic symphysis
184
False pelvis
the wide area of the pelvis from the iliac crest of 1 coxal bone to the iliac crest of the other coxal bone
185
True pelvis
the portion of the pelvis surrounding the pelvic cavity and inferior to the pelvic brim; its superior margin is the pelvic brim/inlet
186
Pelvic outlet
the inferior margin of the true pelvis
187
Sacroiliac joint
the joint between the sacrum and the ilium
188
Femur
the thigh bone; the thickest and strongest bone of the human skeleton; its inferior end articulates with the acetabulum of the pelvis to form the hip joint; it superior end articulates with the tibia and patella
189
Head (femur)
large, round prominence at the proximal end of the femur; contains a small hole (fovea capitis), from which a ligament attaches at the acetabulum
190
Fovea capitis
small hole in the femur from which a ligament attaches at the acetabulum
191
Neck (femur)
the constriction distal to the head of the femur; it is the weakest part and a common site of fracture
192
Greater trochanter
a large superior projection lateral to the neck of the femur, which is a site of muscle attachment
193
Lesser trochanter
a smaller, posterior projection distal to the greater trochanter
194
Intertrochanteric crest
a posterior ridge connecting the 2 trochanters
195
Intertrochanteric line
an anterior ridge connecting the 2 trochanters
196
Gluteal tuberosity
a small roughened projection inferior to the lesser trochanter on the posterior side of the femur
197
Linea aspera
a small vertical ridge on the posterior side of the shaft of the femur
198
Medial condyle (femur)
a rounded, medial projection on the posterior side of the distal end of the femur
199
Lateral condyle (femur)
a rounded, lateral projection on the posterior side of the distal end of the femur
200
Intercondylar fossa
a deep depression between the 2 condyles on the posterior side of the distal end of the femur
201
Patellar surface
a smooth surface on the anterior side of the distal end, which articulates with the patella
202
Medial epicondyle
a small medial process at the distal end of the femur
203
Lateral epicondyle
a small lateral process at the distal end of the femur
204
Patella
kneecap; small, triangular sesamoid bone that articulates with the patellar surface and condyles of the femur and is enclosed within the quadriceps tendon; its posterior surface has smooth, articular facets
205
Tibia
the heavier and medial of the 2 bones of the legs; it bears the bodies weight; articulates with the other bone of the leg (fibula) on its lateral edge
206
Medial condyle (tibia)
flat, medial prominence at the proximal end of the tibia
207
Lateral condyle (tibia)
flat, lateral prominence at the proximal end of the tibia
208
Tibial tuberosity
a large, roughened surface area on the anterior side just below the condyles, which attaches to the patellar ligament
209
Anterior crest
a narrow ridge on the anterior surface of the tibia, which can be palpated
210
Medial malleolus
forming the medial bulge of the ankle, it is a medial process on the distal end of the tibia
211
Intercondylar eminence
a process at the proximal extremity between the articular surfaces of the tibia
212
Fibula
slender, lateral leg bone; important for muscle attachment but plays no role in weight support
213
Head (fibula)
expanded proximal end of the fibula
214
Lateral malleolus
distal, pointed end of the fibula that forms the lateral bulge of the ankle
215
Foot
composed of the bones of the ankle, the bones of the body of the foot, and the bones of the toes
216
Tarsals
7 short bones that form the ankle (tarsus); besides the calcaneus and talus, the remaining ankle bones are the cuboid, navicular, medial cuneiform, intermediate cuneiform, and lateral cuneiform
217
Calcaneus
largest bone of the ankle; AKA heel bone
218
Talus
prominent ankle bone; articulates with the tibia
219
Metatarsals
small long bones supporting the sole of the foot (metatarsus); 5 bones, numbered 1-5 from lateral (thumb side) to medial; articulate with the tarsals of the ankle, and the rounded heads of each bone articulates with the phalanges distally
220
Phalanges (toes)
14 bones of the toes, numbered 1-5 from lateral (large toe side) to medial; each contains 3 ____, proximal, middle, and distal, except the large toe, which only has 2 ______, proximal and distal
