A&P Lecture Exam

Question 1

Cells in epidermis (deep to surface)

Answer 1

1. Stratum basale
2. Stratum spinosum
3. Stratum granulosum
4. Stratum lucidum
5. Stratum corneum

Question 2

Merkel cells

Answer 2

Detect touch

Question 3

Langerhan cells

Answer 3

Detect bacteria

Question 4

Stem cells

Answer 4

Produce new cells by mitosis

Question 5

Keratinocytes

Answer 5

Stack for protection

Question 6

Melanocytes

Answer 6

Contribute to color

Question 7

Process of keratinization

Answer 7

1. Stem cells in stratum basale layer produce keratinocytes by mitosis
   2.Keratinocytes get pushed upwards towards surface of skin
2. keratinocytes reach stratum granolusum
3. Keratinocytes stack on surface of skin forming stratum corneum

Question 8

Function of melanin

Answer 8

Protection from uv radiation

Question 9

What affects the amount of melanin produced?

Answer 9

Genetics, hormones, exposure to uv light

Question 10

Erythema (red)

Answer 10

Increase blood flow. Anger/Embarrass

Question 11

Pallor (White)

Answer 11

Decreased blood flow. Anemia/stress

Question 12

Cyanosis (Blue)

Answer 12

Decrease oxygen. Cold/Heart attack

Question 13

Pathologic Jaundice (Adults)

Answer 13

Liver cant keep up with break down of biliruben

Question 14

Physiologic Jaundice (Infants)

Answer 14

Liver not functioning yet

Question 15

Main functions of your skin

Answer 15

1. Sensation
2. Excretion
3. Protection
4. Temperature regulation
5. Vitamin D synthesis

Question 16

How does each of these skin cellls/special features protect you

Answer 16

A. Keratin in keratinocytes - Overlap/provide barrier against water & chemicals
B. Acidic and salty sweat - Decreases fungus & bacteria
C. Melanin and melanocytes - Protection from uv light
D. Dryness - Decreases fungus & bacteria
E. Stratification - Stacking of keratinocytes in stratum corneum/prevent microbes from entering body

Question 17

Vasoconstriction

Answer 17

Shut down flow of blood near skin surface

Question 18

Vasodilation

Answer 18

Increased blood flow near skin surface, increasing heat loss

Question 19

Good things Vitamin D does for us

Answer 19

1. Works with calcium to from strong, dense bones
2. Turns off cancer causing genes
3. Decreases risk of multiple sclerosis

Question 20

What can you do to make sure you have enough Vitamin D

Answer 20

1. Take supplements
2. Eat food rich in vitamin D
3. Spend time outdoors

Question 21

Pros of sunlight

Answer 21

1. Make more Vitamin D
2. Increase melanin production
3. Increase UV light protection

Question 22

Cons of sunlight

Answer 22

1. Increade risk of skin cancer
2. Age more rapidly

Question 23

What causes acne?

Answer 23

Bacteria

Question 24

ABCDE rule

Answer 24

A - asymmetry
B - border irregularity
C - color
D - diameter
E - evolving

Question 25

3 types of burns

Answer 25

Superficial burns - no scarring Partial thickness burns - possible scarring Full thickness burns - has scarring

Question 26

Serious issues associated with full thickness burns

Answer 26

1. Dehydration/loss of bodily fluids requires continual IV’s 2. Infection/loss of protective barrier 3. Circulatory shock/cardiac arrest are main causes of death in burn victims

Question 27

5 functions of skeletal system

Answer 27

1. Support 2. Protection 3. Movement 4. Storage 5. Production of blood cells

Question 28

3 close association headline cartilage has with bone

Answer 28

1. Precursor for most bones in body during development 2. Responsible for bone lengthening and repair 3. Covers ends of long bones - articular cartilage

Question 29

2 major types of bone cells

Answer 29

Osteoblasts - create new bone cells and bone tissue Osteoclasts - break down bone tissue

Question 30

Intramembranous ossification

Answer 30

A. 5th week fetal development, membrane forms around brain B. Osteochondral progenitor cells produce osteoblasts C. Osteoblast produce calcium/phosphate D. Ossification centers expand outward E. By age 2 skull bone complete

Question 31

Endochondral ossification

Answer 31

A. 8th week fetal development, osteochondral progenitor cells produce chondroblasts B. Chondroblasts make headline cartilage model of future bone C. Primary ossification center begins in diaphysis-osteoblastsvstart making bone D. Diaphysis is hollowed out, filled w red bone E. Secondary ossification centers develop in epiphyses

Question 32

Bone elongation

Answer 32

Chondrocytes in epiphyseal plate multiply, get larger, calcify & convert to osteoblasts

Question 33

Effects of hypocalcemia

Answer 33

1. Increase osteoblast activity/promotes bone resorption 2. Inhibits osteoblasts activity 3. Increase C++ resorption from kidneys 4. Increase vitamin D formation

Question 34

3 classification of joints by function

Answer 34

1. synathroses- nonmovable- suture 2. amphiarthroses- slightly movable- between body of 2 vertebrae 3. diarthroses- freely movable- hip joint

Question 35

3 classifications of joints by structure

Answer 35

1. fibrous 2. cartilaginous 3. synovial

Question 36

know 4 things that lead to osteoporosis

Answer 36

1. smoking 2. not enough exercise 3. poor diet in calcium 4. genetically petite