A & P LYMPHATIC & IMMUNE SYSTEM

Question 1

3 functions of lymphatic system

Answer 1

1. drains excess interstitial fluid
2. transports dietary lipids (fat)
3. carries out immune response

Question 2

order of lymphatic flow

Answer 2

lymphatic capillaries -> lymphatic vessels -> regional lymph nodes -> lymphatic trunks -> lymphatic ducts

Question 3

2 pumps - lymph flow

Answer 3

-respiratory pump: pressure changes during inhalation
-skeletal muscle pump: milking action of calf muscles (compress forces upward)

Question 4

what does left lymphatic (thoracic) duct drain?

Answer 4

L head
Neck
L upper body
L & R lower body

Question 5

what does right lymphatic duct drain?

Answer 5

R upper body & head

Question 6

what does bronchomediastinal drain?

Answer 6

heart
lungs
thoracic cavity

Question 7

Cisterna of Chyli

Answer 7

structure in abdomen that drains to left lymphatic duct
-collects lymph from lumbar & interstitial trunks

Question 8

what is a lacteal?

Answer 8

specialized lymphatic capillaries (around small intestines) that absorb fat

Question 9

primary lymphatic organs

Answer 9

(where stem cells divide & differentiate into immune cells)
-red bone marrow
-thymus

Question 10

secondary lymphatic organs & tissues

Answer 10

(where immune responses occur)
-lymph nodes
-spleen
-lymphatic nodules

Question 11

where are B-cells born & mature?

Answer 11

born: red bone marrow
mature: red bone marrow

Question 12

types of B-cells

Answer 12

plasma (Pm)
memory (Bm)

Question 13

where are T-cells born & mature?

Answer 13

born: red bone marrow
mature: thymus

Question 14

types of T-cells

Answer 14

T-helper cells (CD4 -> MCH II)
Cytotoxic T-cells (CD8 -> MCH I)
Memory T-cells (Tm)

Question 15

Lymph node regions

Answer 15

(T-cell sandwich)
CORTEX:
-outer: B-cells in lymphatic nodules
-inner: T-cells & dendritic cells
MEDULLA: B-cells, antibody producing plasma cells & macrophages

Question 16

mechanisms of fluid balance

Answer 16

(all of the above)
-anchoring filament
-overlapping
-pressure difference

Question 17

root of travel within lymph nodes

Answer 17

afferent vessels -> subcapsular sinus -> trabecular sinus -> medullary sinus -> OUT through efferent vessels at hilum

Question 18

patches of lymphatic tissue (nodules)

Answer 18

MALT: mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue

Question 19

INNATE IMMUNITY

Answer 19

1st line of defence (born with): skin & hair, mucous, cilia, gastric juices, fatty acids, lysosomes
2nd line of defence (acquired over lifetime): internal antimicrobial substances, NK cells (perforins, granzymes, granulysin), phagocytes (neutrophils, macrophages), inflammation, fever

Question 20

killer cells

Answer 20

NK cells
T-cells

Question 21

killing enzymes

Answer 21

perforins (stabbers)
granzymes (apoptosis)
granulysin

Question 22

5 phases of phagocytosis

Answer 22

1. chemotaxis
2. adherence
3. ingestion
4. digestion
5. death

Question 23

S & S of inflammation

Answer 23

S - swelling
H - heat
A - altered function
R - redness
P - pain

Question 24

3 stages of inflammation

Answer 24

1. V - vasodilation & increased permeability
2. E - emigration of phagocytes
3. T - tissue repair (remodelling)

Question 25

ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY

Answer 25

-antibody mediated (B-cells): B cells (produce plasma cells), memory B-cells, plasma cells -cell mediated (T-cells): helper T-cells, cytotoxic cells, memory T-cells

Question 26

antigen presenting cells

Answer 26

B-cells macrophages dendritic cells

Question 27

lymphatic vs. blood capillaries

Answer 27

lymphatic capillaries are larger & more permeable

Question 28

cell differentiation into another cell

Answer 28

pluripotent stem cell (ability to morph into many other different cells)

Question 29

what kind of cells live inside lymph nodes?

Answer 29

B-cells T-cells macrophages

Question 30

inguinal lymph node

Answer 30

in / near groin

Question 31

SPLEEN - red pulp vs. white pulp

Answer 31

red pulp: RBC death white pulp: B & T-cells carry out immune functions

Question 32

what tonsils do you get removed?

Answer 32

palatine tonsils

Question 33

what antibody (immunoglobulin) activates B-cells?

Answer 33

IgD

Question 34

what antibody is found in breast milk?

Answer 34

IgA

Question 35

Type I anaphylactic hypersensitivity (antibody)

Answer 35

IgE

Question 36

what antibody is most abundant (80%), crosses placenta, and has long term immunity

Answer 36

IgG

Question 37

what antibody is 1st, short lived, & activates compliment system?

Answer 37

IgM

Question 38

what cells produces antibodies (immunoglobulins)?

Answer 38

B cells / plasma cells

Question 39

this type of allergic reaction involves antibodies & antigen ONLY

Answer 39

type II cytotoxic reaction

Question 40

T helper cells bind __ to active __

Answer 40

MHC II , activate B cells

Question 41

cytotoxic T cells bind __ in __

Answer 41

MHC I, in cell mediated

Question 42

what 3 things activate the compliment system?

Answer 42

1. when antibodies bind antigens 2. lipids & carbs on microbes 3. macrophages release lectins

Question 43

what 3 things result from the compliment system?

Answer 43

1. increase phagocytosis 2. histamine is released 3. formation of membrane attack complex