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Biology IB YR12-13 > A2.2 Cell Structure > Flashcards

A2.2 Cell Structure Flashcards

1
Q

cell theory

A

Cells are the basic structural unit of all living organisms
cells can only arise from pre existing cells
smallest units of life

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2
Q

unicellular

A

consisting of a single cell

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3
Q

protists

A

eukaryotes consisting of single celled organisms
NOT plant animal or fungi

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4
Q

features common in all cells

NOT STRUCTURES

A
  • Are surrounded by a membrane
  • Contain genetic material
  • Have chemical reactions occurring within the cell that are catalysed by enzymes
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5
Q

How do optical microscopes work

A

Light is directed through the thin layer of biological material that is supported on a glass slide
This light is focused through several lenses so that an image is visible through the eyepiece

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6
Q

optical microscopes

A

light

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7
Q

optical microscopes advantages

A

easy to use
cheaper
can observe dead or living in colour
cell movement can be studied
quick preparation

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8
Q

optical microscopes disadvantages

A

max magnification of 1500x
low resolving power

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9
Q

components of an optical (light) microscope are

A

The eyepiece lens
The objective lenses
The stage
The light source
The coarse and fine focus

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10
Q

graticule

A

small disc that has an engraved scale. It can be placed into the eyepiece of a microscope to act as a ruler in the field of view

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11
Q

calibrated

A

This is done by using a scale engraved on a microscope slide

By using the two scales together, the number of micrometers each graticule unit is worth can be worked out

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12
Q

Magnification general formula

A

magnification = image / real

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13
Q

electron microscope

A

in which a beam of electrons replaces light so the powers of magnification and resolution are corresponding much greater

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14
Q

advantages of electron microscope

A

magnification of 100000 x to 300000 x

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15
Q

disadvantages of electron microscope

A

expensive
cells have to be killed
no movement
has to be stained or dyed
preparation takes days

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16
Q

1 m in mm

A

1000 mm

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17
Q

1mm in um

A

1000 um

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18
Q

1 um in nm

A

1000 nm

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19
Q

1 cm in um

A

10000 um

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20
Q

resolution

A

amount of detail that can be seen

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21
Q

scale bar

A

straight line on the drawing or micrograph that represents the actual size before the image was enlarged

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22
Q

Qualitative data

A

non-numerical data such as colour and presence of structures which can also be determined using microscopes

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23
Q

quantitative observations

A

collection of data which are focused on numbers and values such as measurements of length, height, volume, or values of quantity and frequency

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24
Q

staining

A

chemicals that bind to structures within the sample and are used to make them show more clearly when viewed under microscope

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25
Q

iodine staining

A

starch - blue black

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26
Q

methylene blue

A

cell nuclei and DNA - stain blue

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27
Q

gram stain

A

divides nucleus into gram positive and negative

Gram-positive organisms - purple or blue

gram-negative organisms - pink or red

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28
Q

DNA

A
  • The presence of DNA means that a new cell can be formed from an old cell, as genetic material is able to be stored and transferred
  • DNA also controls the production of enzymes and other vital proteins within the cell
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29
Q

Cytoplasm

A

composed of mainly water with dissolved substances, such as ions - cytosol

cells chemical reactions take place within the cytoplasm

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30
Q

Plasma membrane

A

surrounds the cell and encloses all the cell contents

The membrane is responsible for controlling the interactions of the cell’s interior with the exterior
- Materials required by the cell are transported into the cell interior
- Waste substances are exported out of the cell to the surrounding environment

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31
Q

structures common to most prokaryotes

A

lack nucleus
70S ribosomes
DNA in a loop
Cytoplasm
Plasma membrane
Cell wall

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32
Q

Ribosomes

A

protiensynthesis
binding and reading of mRNA during translation to produce proteins
found freely or in RER

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33
Q

genetic material in prokaryotic cells

A

in the form of a “naked” single circular DNA molecule (not associated with proteins) located in the nucleoid and in smaller loops called plasmids

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34
Q

Plasmids

A

small loops of DNA that are separate from the main circular DNA molecule

  • Plasmids contain genes that can be passed between prokaryotes (e.g. genes for antibiotic resistance)
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35
Q

Cell wall

A

The cell wall acts as protection, maintains the shape of the cell and prevents the cell from bursting

36
Q

Additional structures of prokaryotic cells

A

Plasmids
Capsules
Flagellum
Pili

37
Q

capsule

A

helps to protect bacteria from drying out and from attack by cells of the immune system of the host organism

38
Q

Flagellum

A

are long, tail-like structures that rotate, enabling the prokaryote to move

39
Q

Pili

A

They assist with movement, avoidance of attack by white blood cells, conjugation and are commonly used to allow bacteria to adhere to cell surfaces

40
Q

key differences between animal and plant cells

A
  • Animal cells contain centrioles and microvilli
  • Plant cells have a cellulose cell wall, large permanent vacuoles and chloroplast
41
Q

nucleus

A

Present in all eukaryotic cells (except red blood cells), the nucleus is relatively large and separated from the cytoplasm by a double membrane which has many pores

nucleus contains chromatin

has nucleolus inside nucleus

42
Q

nucleolus

A

sites of ribosome production

43
Q

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

connected to nuclear envelope membrane
used as a site for protien sythesis
has ribosomes
help makes polypeptides

44
Q

Mitochondria

A

The site of aerobic respiration within all eukaryotic cells

small circular pieces of DNA and ribosomes also found in matrix

45
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

Flattened sacs of membrane called cisternae

Modifies proteins and lipids before packaging them into Golgi vesicles

prominent in metabolically active sites

site of specific biochemicals

46
Q

Vesicles

A

A membrane-bound sac for transport and storage

47
Q

Lysosome

A

membrane bound vesicles containing digestive enzymes

breakdown of food vacuoles
digest pathogens engulfed by phagocytes

48
Q

non permanent vacuole

A

small vacuoles in animal cells used to temporarily store materials or to transport substances

49
Q

Chloroplasts

A

only plant cells
site of photosynthesis

  • Membrane-bound compartments called thylakoids containing chlorophyll stack to form structures called grana
  • Grana are joined together by lamellae (thin and flat thylakoid membranes)
  • stroma - light independent stage
50
Q

Centrioles

A
  • Hollow fibres made of microtubules
  • Not found in flowering plants and fungi
51
Q

Microtubules

A

Found in all eukaryotic cells

Makes up the cytoskeleton of the cell and are about 25 nm in diameter

Thirteen protofilaments in a cylinder make a microtubule

52
Q

cytoskeleton

A

The cytoskeleton is used to provide support and movement to the cell

53
Q

three main types of fibre in cytoskeleton

A
  • microtubules
  • micro filaments
  • intermediate filaments
54
Q

Functions of Life

A

m - movement
r- reproduction
s- sensitivity
g- growth
r- response
e- excretion
n- nutrition

55
Q

Metabolism

A

all the enzyme-catalysed reactions occurring in a cell, including cell respiration

56
Q

Reproduction

A

the production of offspring. It may be sexual or asexual

57
Q

Homeostasis

A

the ability to maintain and regulate internal conditions within tolerable limits, including temperature

58
Q

Growth

A

the permanent increase in size and dry mass

59
Q

Response

A

the ability to respond to external or internal changes (stimuli) in their environment. Thus improving their chance of survival

60
Q

Excretion

A

the disposal of metabolic waste products, including carbon dioxide from respiration

61
Q

Nutrition

A

the acquisition of energy and nutrients for growth and development, either by, absorbing organic matter or by synthesising organic molecules

62
Q

Atypical Cell examples

A

Skeletal muscle, aseptate fungal hyphae, red blood cells and phloem sieve tubes are examples of cells/tissue with structures that question the integrity of the cell theory

63
Q

Striated muscle fibres

A

Longer than typical cells
formed from multiple cells which have fused together (which is how they have many nuclei rather than one) that work together as a single unit

64
Q

Aseptate fungal hyphae

A

Fungi have many long, narrow branches called hyphae

Hyphae have cell membranes, cell walls and some have septa

Aseptate fungal hyphae do not have septa, thus these cells are multinucleated with continuous cytoplasm

The cells have no end walls making them appear as one cell

65
Q

Red blood cells

A

Red blood cells, a type of animal cell, are unique in that they do not contain a nucleus and are concave

transport of oxygen
haemoglobin

66
Q

calculating of mag of an image using scale bar steps

A
  1. measure scale bar in mm
  2. convert measurement to um
  3. divide measurement with number on top of scale bar
67
Q

calculation of size of specimen using scale bar steps

A
  1. measure size of specimen in mm
  2. measure scale bar in mm
  3. divide specimen by scale bar
  4. multiply answer with number written on the scale bar (um)
68
Q

calculation of size of specimen using magnification steps

A
  1. measure specimen in mm
  2. convert measurement to um
  3. divide specimen length by magnification
69
Q

SER

A

RER without ribosomes
makes lipids and cholesterol
site of storage of calcium ions

70
Q

apoptosis

A

program cell death which occurs in cells damaged by infection or mutation

lysosomes involved in this - the all burst

71
Q

tubulin simple defination

A

helically arranged globular protien

72
Q

tubulin functions

A

movement of chromosomes during cell division achieved by lengthening and shortening of microtubules

maintains shape of cell

guide and direct other components

73
Q

microfilaments

A

thinnest class of cytoskeletal fibres made of solid robs of globular protein called actin

74
Q

functions of microfilaments

A

involved in cleavage furrow formation to divide cell during cell division

cell motility

maintain and change cell shape

75
Q

spindle

A

structure formed by microtubules

movement of chromosomes in mitosis and meiosis

76
Q

centrosomes

A
  • Two centrioles at right angles to each other form a centrosome, which organises the spindle fibres during cell division

near nucleus

77
Q

transport vesicles

A

move molecules between locations inside cells by budding off one organelle component and fusing with another

78
Q

secretory vesicles

A

secret molecules from the cell via exocytosis

also how new phospholipids are added to cell membrane

79
Q

paramecium

A

fresh water eukaryotic organisms can carry out all life processes

80
Q

chlorella

A

algae found in freshwater ponds
colours the water green

81
Q

chlamydomonas

A

eukaryotic organisms that live in soil, fresh water, oceans and snow

82
Q

autotrophs

A

can make their own food by using sources like the sun

83
Q

heterotrophs

A

can’t make their own food and obtain it from other organisms

84
Q

features of fungus

A

cell wall of chitin
uni or multi cellular
saprotrophs
parasitic can be
decomposers

85
Q

saprotrophs

A

feed on non living decaying matter
external digestion

Biology IB YR12-13 (13 decks)

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