A2.2 Cell structure Flashcards

(24 cards)

1
Q

What are the cell theories?

A
  1. organisms are made up of 1 or more cells
  2. cells are the smallest unit of life
  3. all cells come from pre-existing cells
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2
Q

What are the 2 types of microscopes?

A

Light & electron microscopes

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3
Q

What are the characteristics of a light microscope?

A
  • magnifies up to x200
  • can be used for both living and non living organisms
  • black & white
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4
Q

What are some characteristics of an electron microscope?

A
  • Magnifies up to x500,000
  • can be viewed in 3D
  • uses electron beams
  • for non living organisms
  • black & white
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5
Q

How is total magnification calculated?

A

ocular x objective

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6
Q

How is magnification calculated?

A

image size / actual size

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7
Q

What are artefacts?

A

Structures that are produced due to perpetration processes, inevitable

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8
Q

What is freeze fracture for?

A

study of the layers of the membrane

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9
Q

How is freeze fracture prepared for electron microscopy?

A
  1. specimen frozen
  2. physically broken apart (fracture)
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10
Q

What are the functions of life?

A

(MR SHENG)
Metabolism
Reproduction
Sensitivity
Homeostasis
Excretion
Nutrition
Growth

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11
Q

What are features common to all cells?

A

Plasma membrane
DNA
Cytoplasm

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12
Q

What are some characteristics of prokaryotic cells?

A
  • 1st life forms on earth
  • Uni-cellular
  • “naked” - not associated with histone proteins, mostly found in nucleoid
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13
Q

What is the flagella for?

A

Movement

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14
Q

What is the pili for?

A

Attachment & communication, can also exchange genetic material

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15
Q

What is the naked DNA (Nucleoid) for?

A

DNA and chromosomes, genetic code
- no nuclear envelope
- not associated with histones

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16
Q

What is the 70S ribosome for?

A

Protein production

17
Q

What is the plasmid for?

A

Extra DNA, replicates independently

18
Q

What is the plasma membrane for?

A

allowing and restricting movement of substances in & out of the cell (also used for binary fission)

19
Q

What is the cell wall for?

A

Helps maintain the cell structure, prevent bursting

20
Q

What is the capsule for?

A

Survival of the cell, adherence, extra layer (only some have this)

21
Q

What are the steps in binary fission and which cell does it occur in?

A

Prokaryotic cells
1. chromosome is semi replicated semi conversely
2. 2 copies of DNA move to opposite ends of the cell
3. Cell elongates
4. Plasma membrane grows inward & pinches off
5. Creates 2 separate genetically identical cells

22
Q

What is binary fission for?

A

reproduction of prokaryotic cells

23
Q

What are the advantages of compartmentalisation?

A
  1. Create higher concentrations of certain substances within organelles
  2. Separate toxins & potentially damaging substances from the rest of the cell
  3. Control conditions inside organelles to maintain optimal conditions (for enzymes)