ABA Chapter 11 Positive Reinforcement

Question 1

Basic Operant functional relation for reinforcement is:

Answer 1

When a type of behavior (R) is followed by reinforcement (SR) there will be an increased future frequency of that type of behavior.

Question 2

Three things must be considered regarding the conditions under which the effects reinforcement will occur. What are they?

Answer 2

1. delay between the response onset of the consequence
2. the stimulus conditions in effect when the response was emitted
3. the strength of the current motivation with the respect to the consequence.

Question 3

Positive reinforcer (Aka?)

Answer 3

• reinforcer

- The stimulus presented as a consequence and responsible for the subsequent increase.

Question 4

Reinforcer can affect the response that it follows. True or False

Answer 4

False. It does NOT affect the response it follows.

Question 5

Rule

Answer 5

A verbal description of a behavioral contingency (e.g, turnip seeds planted by august will a crop before freeze.)

Question 6

Delayed consequences reinforce behaviors directly. True or False.

Answer 6

False. It does not reinforce behavior directly.

Question 7

One way that a person’s behavior can come under the control of consequences that are too delayed to influence behavior directly.

Answer 7

Learning to follow rules.

Question 8

Reinforcement does more than increase the future frequency of behavior it follows; it also changes ____________________.

Answer 8

the function of stimuli that immediately precede the reinforced behavior.

Question 9

Certain antecedent events acquire the ability to evoke instances of the reinforced response class. True or False.

Answer 9

True.

An SD can do this.

Question 10

Two term Contingency is?

Answer 10

Stimulus and response

Question 11

When SD is introduce to two term contingency what happens?

Answer 11

Turns into three term contingency of the discriminated operant (stimulus- response- stimulus)

Question 12

Reinforcement depends on motivation. True or False.

Answer 12

True.

Question 13

Adding the establishing operation to a discriminate operant results in a ____.

Answer 13

Four term contingency

Question 14

Automaticity of Reinforcement

Answer 14

The fact that a person does not have to understand or verbalize the relation between his actions and a reinforcing consequence, or for that matter even be aware that a consequence has occurred, for reinforcement to occur.

Question 15

Response- Deprivation Hypothesis

Answer 15

A model for predicting whether contingent access to one behavior will function as reinforcement for engaging in another behavior base on whether access to the contingent behavior represents a restriction of the activity compared to the baseline level of engagement.

Question 16

What does stimulus preference assessment identify?

Answer 16

Stimuli that are likely to serve as reinforcers.

Question 17

What does reinforcer assessment do?

Answer 17

It puts potential reinnforcers to a direct test by presenting them contingent on occurrences of a behavior and measuring any effects on response rate.

Question 18

Procedures are used to determine what in a stimulus preference assessment?

Answer 18

• Stimuli that a person prefers.
• relative preference value
• conditions under which those preference values change when task demands, deprivation states, or schedules of reinforcement change.

Question 19

What are the 3 methods of stimulus preference assessment?

Answer 19

1. Asking about stimulus preferences
2. Observation
3. Trial-based methods

Question 20

What are three ways to ask about stimulus preferences?

Answer 20

a. Ask the target person.
b. Ask significant others
c. Offer a pre-task choice (choice board)

Question 21

What is involved in a free operant observation?

Answer 21

Observing and recording what activities a person engages in when they can choose during a period of unrestricted access to numerous activities.

Question 22

Two types of Free operant observation; name them.

Answer 22

Contrived Free-operants (person gets item kid may like)

Naturalistic Free Operant Observation (let student wander around and see what he gravitates to?

Question 23

Trial Based Methods of stimulus preference

Answer 23

• stimuli are presented to the learner in a series of trials and the learner’s responses to the stimuli are measured as index of preference.

Question 24

3 ways to measure learners behavior toward perspective reinforcers.

Answer 24

Approach- any detectable movement toward the stimulus
Contact- touching or holding the item
Engagement- total time of percentage of intervals in which the person interacts with the item.

Question 25

What are three types of trial based methods?

Answer 25

Pair Stimulus (force choice)
Multiple Stimulus
Single Stimulus (successive choice)

Question 26

Paired Stimulus trial based assessment

Answer 26

• Simultaneous presentation of 2 stimuli.

- ranked from high, medium and low preference.

Question 27

Multiple Stimulus trial based assessment (define and name the 2 variation)

Answer 27

Simultaneous presentation for an array of 3 or more stimuli.
Multiple stimuli with replacement and multiple stimuli without replacement.

Question 28

Asking target person is always fool proof. True or False.

Answer 28

False. There have been studies to show that just because someone thinks they like something, it does not mean they like it as a reinforcer.

Question 29

Multiple Stimuli with Replacement

Answer 29

Items chosem remains in the array and items not chose are replaced with new items.

Question 30

Multiple stimuli without Replacement

Answer 30

The chosen item is removed from the array, the order or placement of the remaining items is rearranged and the next trial begins.

Question 31

Guideline for Selecting and Using Stimulus Preference Assessments

Answer 31

• use assessment that balance the cost-benifit ratio
• Monitor’s learner’s activities during the time period before the stimulus assessment session to be aware of MOs
• when time is brief, conduct a brief stimulus preference
  assessment.
• when possible combine data from multiple assessment methods and sources of stimulus preference (e.g asking, free operant and trial based methods.)

Question 32

Single Stimulus trial based assessment

Answer 32

AKA successive choice
Present one stimuli at a time in random order and the person’s reaction is recorded.
- most basic method for assessing preference.
-good for ppl who have a hard time selecting among 2 or more stimuli (i.e, choices)

Question 33

Reinforcer Assessment is used for?

Answer 33

Used to determine the relative effects of a given stimulus as reinforcement under different and changing conditions and to assess the comparative effectiveness of multiple stimuli as reinforcers for a given behavior under certain conditions.

Question 34

How does reinforcer assessment test their effectiveness?

Answer 34

By presenting them contingent on occurrences of a behavior and measuring any effects on response rate.

Question 35

How do you know it is a reinforcer?

Answer 35

If the response rate increases.

Question 36

Concurrent Schedule Reinforcer Assessment

Answer 36

Two or more contingencies of reinforcement operate independently and simultaneously for 2 or more behaviors.
- shows effectiveness of high preferences and low preference stimuli as reinforcers.
Think matching law!!!

Question 37

Multiple Schedule Reinforcer Assessment

Answer 37

• presents 2 or more component schedules of reinforcement for a singe response, with only one component schedule (FI, FR, VI ect) in effect at any given time.
  -SD signals the presence of each component.
  Ex. Doing math problems with teacher vs tutor.

Question 38

Progressive Ratio Schedule Reinforcer

Answer 38

• provides a framework for assessing the relative effectiveness of a stimulus as reinforcement as response requirement increases.
• increase depends on client’s behavior
• gradually requires more response per presentation of the preferred stimulus until a breaking point is reached and the response rate declines.