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Anatomy 337 > abdominal cavity organization and digestion > Flashcards

abdominal cavity organization and digestion Flashcards

1
Q

ingestion

A

the process of taking food, drink, or another substance into the body by swallowing or absorbing it.

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2
Q

mechanical processing

A

physically breaking the food into smaller pieces

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3
Q

digestion

A

the process of breaking down food by mechanical and enzymatic action in the alimentary canal into substances that can be used by the body.

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4
Q

secretion

A

a process by which substances are produced and discharged from a cell, gland, or organ for a particular function in the organism or for excretion.

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5
Q

absorption

A

the movement of nutrients, water and electrolytes from the lumen of the small intestine into the cell, then into the blood.

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6
Q

compaction

A

this is the removal of water from the fecal matter in the large intestine to prepare it for defication

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7
Q

excretion

A

eliminating or expelling waste matter.

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8
Q

defication

A

discharge of feces from the body.

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9
Q

peristalsis

A

A wave of smooth muscle contractions that propels materials along the lumen of a tube such as the digestive tract, the ureters, or the ductus deferens.

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10
Q

segmentation

A

churn and fragment the materials; mixing it with the digestive secretions

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11
Q

sphincters

A

regions along the digestive tract that are thickened areas of muscular circular layer
- they constrict and restrict the movement of things and ensure one way movement through the lumen

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12
Q

mucosa

A

the inner lining of the digestive tract

  • a mucus membrane made of the epithelium
  • a layer of loose connective tissue covered by an epithelium moistened by glandular secretions
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13
Q

circular folds

A

a series of ring-shaped projections in the intestinal lining of the small intestine

  • these are permanent and do not disappear when the intestine fills up (opposite of the gastric folds in the stomach)
  • these are lined with villi which are subsequently lined with microvilli
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14
Q

submucosa

A

a layer of areolar connective tissue superficial to the mucosa but deep to the muscularis mucosa
-has large blood vessels and lymphatic vessels running through it

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15
Q

muscular layer

A

(muscularis externa)

  • this is a double layer of smooth muscle fibers that are arranged in internal circular and external longitudinal layers
  • this is responsible for mechanically processing and propelling the materials along the digestive tract
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16
Q

myenteric neural plexis

A
  • this coordinates the movements of the smooth muscle
  • this is between the two layers of smooth muscle in the muscular layer
  • contains parasympathetic ganglia and sympathetic post ganglionic fibers
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17
Q

parasympathetic ganglia role in the myenteric neural plexus

A
  • this increases muscular tone and stimulates contraction
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18
Q

sympathetic post ganglionic fibers role in the myenteric neural plexus

A

these decrease muscular tone and promote relaxation

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19
Q

serosa

A

a serous membrane that covers the muscular layer

  • this doesnt surround the muscular layer of the pharynx, esophagus, and rectum
  • these are surrounded by an adventitia
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20
Q

adventitia

A

this is a dense network of collagen fibers that surrounds the muscular layer of pharynx, esophagus, and rectum
- this attaches the digestive tract to adjacent structures and the fibers are continuous with those around it

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21
Q

peritoneum

A

this is a serous membrane with two parts

-lines your abdominal wall and covers most of the organs in your abdomen

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22
Q

visceral peritoneum

A

-this is the layer that is on the abdominal organ

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23
Q

parietal peritoneum

A

this is the layer that lines the abdominal walls

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24
Q

peritoneal cavity

A

a potential space between the parietal peritoneum and visceral peritoneum

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25
Q

intraperitoneal organ

A

organs within the peritoneal cavity, in that they are compleetly surrounded on all sides by the visceral peritoneum

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26
Q

retroperitoneal organ

A

organs covered by the parietal peritonum on their anterior surface only

  • they lie outside of the peritoneal cavity
  • typically don’t develop from the embryonic gut
    ex. kidneys, ureters, and abdominal arota
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27
Q

secondarily retroperitoneal organ

A

organs of the digestive tract that form as intraperitoneal organs and become retroperitoneal

  • shift occurs during embryonic development when the visceral peritoneum fuses with opposing parietal peritoneum
    ex. pancreas and two distal thirds of the duodenum
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28
Q

mesentery

A

fused double sheets of perioneal membrane

  • in the peritoneal cavity, most regions of the digestive tract are suspended by sheets of serious membrane that connect the visceral and parietal peritoneum layers
  • stabalize the position of the attached organs and prevent entanglement during digestive movements or changes in body postion
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29
Q

lesser omentum

A

small pocket of mesentery that connects the lesser curvature of the stomach to the liver

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30
Q

greater omentum

A

a large fold of the dorsal mesentery of the stomach that hangs in front of the intestines

  • loose connective tissue
  • has a loose layer of adipose tissue
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31
Q

mesentery proper

A

a double layer of serous membrane that supports and stabalizes the position of the organ

  • allows for routes for blood vessels/nerves/lymph vessels
  • provides stability but allows certain independant movements
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32
Q

mesocolon

A

the mesentary that supports the large intestine

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33
Q

what are the four lobes of the liver

A
  • right
  • left
  • caudate
  • quadrate
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34
Q

liver lobule

A

these are arranged in a series of irregular plates arranged like the spokes of a wheel
-hepatic sinusoids surround the plates of hepatocytes

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35
Q

hepatic sinusoids

A

highly fenestrated capillaries that the hepatic portal vein and hepatic artery proper drain into

  • the fenestrations allow substances to pass through and enter circulation
  • the sinusoids drain into the central vein
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36
Q

hepatocytes

A

these are the liver cells

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37
Q

bile

A
  • this is a substance produced in the liver
  • this is mostly water and has small amounts of ions, bilirubin, and lipids called bile salts
  • these are what make the breakdown of lipids to be possible
  • stored in the gall bladder
  • aids in the transportation of cholesterol out of the body
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38
Q

hepatic portal system

A

a series of veins that carry blood from the capillaries of the stomach, intestine, spleen, and pancreas to capillaries in the liver

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39
Q

hepatic portal vein

A

this is what brings blood from the digestive system intestinal capillaries

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40
Q

hepatic artery proper

A

this brings 1/3 of the normal hepatic blood flow (the rest comes from the hepatic portal vein)
-this is supplying oxygen rich blood to the

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41
Q

central vein

A
  • veins found at the center of hepatic lobules

- They receive the blood mixed in the liver sinusoids and return it to circulation via the hepatic veins

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42
Q

stellate macrophages

A
  • these engulf pathogens, cell debris, and damaged blood cells
  • these store iron, lipids, and heavy metals that are absorbed in the digestive tract
  • these are within the liver
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43
Q

gall bladder

A
  • this stores the bile that is made from the liver and not needed immediately
  • water is absorbed from the bile while it is stored here which causes the bile to become more concentrated
  • this is on the inferior side of the liver
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44
Q

cystic duct

A

this is the duct that allows bile to drain out of the gall bladder
- it merges with the common hepatic duct to make the common bile duct

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45
Q

common bile duct

A

this is the duct that forms from the mergence of the cystic duct and the common hepatic duct
- this duct travels down and transports bile to the hepatopancreatic ampulla

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46
Q

pancreas

A
  • a mixed gland that contains exocrine and endocrine portions
  • is lumpy and has nodular texture
  • a large gland behind the stomach which secretes digestive enzymes into the duodenum
  • contains the islets of Langerhans which secrete insulin and glucagon into the blood
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47
Q

pancreatic duct

A

delivers the enzymes and buffers into the lumen of the SI and it meets up with the common bile duct at the heptopancreatic ampulla

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48
Q

pancreatic acini

A

these are the cells of the exocine pancreas

- they produce the pancreatic juice

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49
Q

pancreatic juice

A

the mixture of buffers and digestice enzymes that are discharged into the duodenum

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50
Q

biliary apparatus

A

Structures concerned with secretion and excretion of bile; includes liver, gallbladder, and hepatic, cystic, and common bile ducts.

  • the right and left hepatic ducts
  • Common hepatic duct
  • Common bile duct
  • Pancreatic duct
  • Hepatopancreatic ampulla
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51
Q

common hepatic duct

A

this is the duct that allows bile to leave the liver

- it is formed by the mergence of the left and right hepatic ducts

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52
Q

the left and right hepatic ducts

A
  • these drain bile from the right functional lobe of the liver and left functional lobe of the liver
  • these merge to form the common hepatic duct
53
Q

hepatopancreatic ampulla

A

this is a widening where the common bile duct and the pancreatic duct merge prior to entering the duodenum

54
Q

umbilical region

A

this is the center region

- this is over where the belly button is

55
Q

epigastric region

A

this is the top center region

-this is directly over the umbillical region

56
Q

hypogastric region

A

this is the bottom center region on the abdomen

- this is below the umbilical region

57
Q

right and left hypochondriac region

A
  • these are the left and right regions that are on the top row
  • think about the fact that they are by the ribs and the ribs are held by cartilage
58
Q

right and left lumbar regions

A
  • these are the left and right regions in the middle row

- think about the fact that they are near the lumbar spine

59
Q

right and left inguinal regions

A
  • these are the left and right regions on the bottom row

- think about the fact that they are near the inguinal ligament

60
Q

forgut

A

esophagus, stomach, gall bladder, liver, spleen, duodenum (1st and 2nd parts)

61
Q

midgut

A

duodenum (3rd and 4th parts), jejunum, ileum, cecum, appendix, ascending colon, transverse colon (proximal 1/3)

62
Q

hindgut

A

transverse colon (distal 1/3), descending and sigmoid colon, rectum

63
Q

what are some of the protections that the digestive tract has to protect itself

A
  • there are chemicals that are secreted that counter the harsh chemicals that are used to break down food
  • the epithelium lining is replaces very frequently
  • there is GALT to combat incoming pathogens
64
Q

GALT

A

gut associated lymphatic tissue

pirus patches

65
Q

esophageal hiatus

A

this is an opening in the diaphragm that the esophagus is able to pass through to get to the stomach

66
Q

superior innervation of the the esophagus

A

this is somatic

  • the upper part is composed of skeletal muscle and we can control when it contracts
  • deciding to swallow
67
Q

inferior innervation of the the esophagus

A

this is innervated by the esophageal plexus

- the inferior esophagus is smooth muscle and this is under parasympathetic and sympathetic control

68
Q

parasympathetic control over the inferior esophagus is from what nerve(s)

A
  • this is innervated with the vagus nerve
69
Q

sympathetic control over the inferior esophagus

A
  • traveling through the post ganglionic sympathetic pathway and fibers travel superiorly in the sympathetic chain
  • these synapse within the chain in the middle or inferior cervical ganglion and leave and enter the esophageal plexus
70
Q

what do mucus glands do for the esophagus

A

these secrete mucus to help lubricate the food being swallowed
- the ones in the inferior region secrete a bicarbonate based mucus that leads protection from the acidic contents of the stomach

71
Q

describe the muscularis externa of the esophagus

A
  • the superior 1/3: skeletal muscle
  • middle 1/3: mix of smooth and skeletal muscle
  • inferior 1/3: smooth muscle
72
Q

describe the way the epithelium changed throughout the esophagus

A
  • it begins as stratified squamous non-keritinized epithelium
  • it changed to simple columnar epithelium near the junction between the esophagus and the stomach
  • as it gets closer to the stomach, it becomes more cuboidal and then eventually columnar
73
Q

superior esophageal sphincter

A

this is a junction of the pharynx and the esophagus

  • not very prominent or strong
  • regulates what enters esophagus as we swallow
74
Q

esophageal glands proper

A
  • these are superior in the esophagus

- secrete substances that lubricate and help protect from mechanical stresses as food passed through

75
Q

esophageal cardiac glands

A

these are closer to the stomach

  • these secrete basic substances
  • secrete these substances that protect against the harsh chemicals of stomach (this is why the epithelial cells switch to columnar because those are specialized for secretion)
76
Q

inferior esophageal sphincter

A
  • this is the junction of the esophagus and the stomach
  • this regulates the passage of food into the stomach and helps prevent he regurgitation of stomach acid back into the esophagus
77
Q

what does the diaphragm do for protection

A

this helps support the lower esophageal sphincter

78
Q

esophageal plexus

A

this is where the nerve fibers pass through that are innervating the esophagus

79
Q

esophageal branches of the aorta

A

these are the arteries that supply the esophagus with oxygen rich blood

80
Q

greater curvature

A

this is the lateral side of the stomach

81
Q

stomach

A
  • this is where the bolus is turned into chyme
  • lines with simple columnar epithelium
  • it is intraperitoneal
  • stores food for 4 hours
  • has limited absorption of nutrients (alcohol and some drugs)
  • performs physical and chemical digestion
82
Q

lesser curvature

A

this is the medial side of the stomach

83
Q

rugae

A
  • coiled sections of tissue that exist in the mucosal and submucosal layers of the stomach.
  • allow for expansion of the stomach after the consumption of foods and liquids.
84
Q

chyme

A

the digestive contents that leave the stomach and enter the small intestine

85
Q

surface mucus cell

A
  • these produce an alkaline fluid with mucus
  • a protective layer over the surface of the epithelium
  • these are on the surface facing the lumen and not in the gastric pits
86
Q

mucus neck cells

A
  • these secrete acidic fluid with mucin
  • these are in the neck of the gastric pit
  • the fluid attaches to the bolus and lubricates the contents of the stomach, not the stomach itself
87
Q

parietal cell

A

releases intrinsic factor and hydochorlic acid

- these are within the gastric glands of the gastric pits

88
Q

intrinsic factor

A

this assists in the absorption of vitamin B 12 in the small intestine

  • this becomes active once it travels with the chyme into the small intestine
  • vit B12 is really important for the making of RBC
89
Q

what does HCL do

A

this helps kill microorganisms

- helps breakdown the plant cell walls and breaks down the connective tissue in meat and it denatures proteins

90
Q

enteroendocrine cells

A
  • these are within the gastric gland of the pit
  • these release gastrin
  • this is released when food enters the stomach
91
Q

gastrin

A
  • this stimulates the parietal cells and chief cells to secrete their substances and the smooth muscle in the muscle wall to churn to get mechanical digestion
92
Q

cheif cells

A

these are within the gastric gland of the pit

- secretes pepsinogen and gastric lipase

93
Q

pepsinogen

A
  • this is an inactive coenzyme that gets activated by HCl to become pepsin
94
Q

gastric lipase

A
  • helps to digest fat

- really mostly active in infants

95
Q

superior mesenteric vein

A
  • is a blood vessel that drains blood from the small intestine (jejunum and ileum)
  • its termination behind the neck of the pancreas, the superior mesenteric vein combines with the splenic vein to form the hepatic portal vein.
96
Q

inferior mesenteric vein

A

a blood vessel that drains blood from the large intestine.
- It usually terminates when reaching the splenic vein, which goes on to form the portal vein with the superior mesenteric vein

97
Q

gastric and splenic veins

A

these drain the stomach and lower esophagus

98
Q

celiac trunk

A
  • a major artery that supplies the foregut of the gastrointestinal tract
  • this branches of the descending aorta
  • this branches into the left gastric artery, the splenic artery, and the common hepatic artery
99
Q

superior mesenteric artery

A

supplies arterial blood to the organs of the midgut

- a branch off of the descending aorta

100
Q

inferior mesenteric artery

A
  • supplies the hind gut

supplying the large intestine from the distal transverse colon to the upper part of the anal canal

101
Q

what causes gastric ulcers

A
  • caused by excessive acid or if the epithelium is not replaced at a fast enough rate
  • caused by taking too many NSAIDs or H. Pylorie bacteria
  • sores of the mucosea exposed to gastric secretions
102
Q

small intestine

A
  • where most nutrient absorption occurs here
  • this is where chemical digestion is finished
  • has three sections
103
Q

circular folds

A

slow the passage of food along the intestines and afford an increased surface for absorption. They are covered with small finger-like projections called villi.

104
Q

what are things that increase the surface area

A
  • the circular folds which are covered by villi which are covered by absorptive enterocytes which have microvilli across them
105
Q

enteroendocrine cells

A

these secrete hormones to the gall bladder and the pancreas to cause the secretion of substances to aid in digestion

106
Q

what do the pyrus patches do in the small intestine

A

these allow for a quick immune response if there is a pathogen that is absorbed

107
Q

duodenal papilla

A

this is where bile and pancreatic secretions enter the duodenum
- this is between the 2nd and 3rd parts of the duodenum

108
Q

what is the importance of the 2nd and 3rd part of the division of the duodenum

A

this is the division of the forgut and the midgut

109
Q

duodenum

A

the first part of the small intestine immediately beyond the stomach

110
Q

Duodenojejunal fissure

A

the border between the duodenum and the jejunum

111
Q

jejunum

A
  • middle portion of the small intestine

- primary region for chemical digestion and nutrient absorption

112
Q

ileum

A
  • this is the last segment of the small intestine

- ends at the ileocecal valve

113
Q

Ileocecal valve

A

this separates the small intestine (ileum) and the large intestine
- this is a sphincter

114
Q

alpha cells

A

these are cells within the pancreatic islets

- they secrete glucagon

115
Q

beta cells

A

these are cells within the pancreatic islets

- they secrete insulin

116
Q

large intestine

A
  • absorption of water
    compacts and solidifies undigestible wastes into feces
    -stores feces until defecation
    -has mass peristaltic movements
117
Q

teniae coil

A

this is the line that runs the length of the large intestine

- there are three of these and they lead to the shortening of the large intestine

118
Q

haustra

A

the bulges of the large intestine that are created from the shortening of the large intestine from the teniae coil

119
Q

omental appendices

A

globs of fat hanging off the LI

  • we do not know the function of these
  • are a good identifying structure of the LI
120
Q

what are the different parts of the large intestine

A
  • Cecum
  • Ascending colon
  • Right colic flexure
  • Transverse colon
  • Left colic flexure
  • Descending colon
  • Sigmoid colon
  • Rectum
121
Q

Transverse mesocolon

A
  • the part of the mesocolon (the mesentery) that supports the transverse colon
122
Q

rectal valves

A

3 transverse fold that ensure fecal matter is retained within the rectum when someone is passing gas

123
Q

anal canal

A
  • this is the last 3 cm of the large intestine
124
Q

anal sinuses

A

these secrete mucin for lubrication during defecation

125
Q

anal columns

A

a number of vertical folds, produced by an infolding of the mucous membrane and some of the muscular tissue in the upper half of the lumen of the anal canal

126
Q

internal anal sphincter

A
  • this is smooth muscle

- this is under parasympathetic and sympathetic control

127
Q

external anal sphincter

A
  • this is skeletal muscle

- this is under voluntary control

128
Q

parasympathetic innervation of the anal canal and internal sphincter

A
  • this stimulates the contraction of the rectal walls and relaxes the internal anal sphincter
129
Q

sympathetic innervation of the anal canal and internal sphincter

A
  • this causes constriction of the internal anal sphincter

Anatomy 337 (39 decks)

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