Abdominal Viscera/Vasculature Flashcards Preview

Anatomy: Block 3- Thorax and Abdomen > Abdominal Viscera/Vasculature > Flashcards

Flashcards in Abdominal Viscera/Vasculature Deck (104)
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1
Q

What is the free edge of the falciform ligament called?

A

Ligamentum teres hepatis (round ligament of liver)

2
Q

The alimentary canal is composed of what structures/organs?

A

Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, duodenum, ileum, jejunum, large intestines, rectum, anus

3
Q

What is the relationship of the rectum to the peritoneum?

A

The rectum is below the peritoneum

4
Q

From external to internal what are the layers of the alimentary tract components?

A

Serosa (visceral peritoneum), outer muscularis (longitudinal muscle fibers), inner muscularis(circular muscle fibers), submucosa, mucosa

5
Q

From which embryological layer is the mucosa of the alimentary tract derived? The muscles?

A

Endoderm; splanchnic mesoderm

6
Q

What are the two intrinsic nerve plexes of the GI tract? Where are they?

A

Myenteric- between the muscle layers

Submucosal- within the submucosa

7
Q

Where in the mediastinum is the esophagus located?

A

posterior mediastinum

8
Q

At what vertebral level is the esophageal hiatus of the diaphragm? What passes through it along with the esophagus?

A

T10; Vagus nn.

9
Q

At what vertebral level is the aortic hiatus of the diaphragm? What structures create this hiatus? What structures accompany the aorta through the hiatus?

A

T12; Right and left crus of the diaphragm; Thoracic duct and azygous v.

10
Q

Through what does the inferior vena cava pass in the diaphragm? At what vertebral level?

A

Through the central tendon at T8

11
Q

Where does all lymph from the abdomen pool?

A

Cisterna chyli

12
Q

What are the five anatomic subdivisions of the stomach? Which of these acts as a sphincter?

A

Fundus, cardia, body, antrum, pylorus; pylorus is sphincter

13
Q

What is the name of the internal folds of the stomach?

A

Rugae

14
Q

What is the anatomical basis of GERD? Why can it be so dangerous?

A

The gastroesophageal junction isn’t a true sphincter, there if the left and right crus of diaphragm loosen, gastric acid can wash back up into the esophagus and can lead to adenocarcinoma in the distal esophagus

15
Q

What are the two types of hiatal hernias? Which is more likely to lead to gastric inversion?

A

Sliding and paraesophageal; paraesophageal

16
Q

What is the term for the first part of the duodenum?

A

The bulb

17
Q

What is the direction of the 2nd part of the duodenum?

A

Descending?

18
Q

Where does the common bile duct empty? Through what structure?

A

Distal end of 2nd part of the duodenum through the major duodenal papilla?

19
Q

Through what does the pancreas empty into the duodenum?

A

The main pancreatic duct empties via the major duodenal papilla, the accessory pancreatic duct empties via the minor duodenal papilla

20
Q

What structure marks the end of the 2nd part of the duodenum

A

The major duodenal papilla

21
Q

What is the direction of the 3rd part of the duodenum?

A

Transverse

22
Q

What demarcates the boundary between the 3rd and 4th parts of the duodenum?

A

Superior mesenteric a and v crossing anterior

23
Q

What is the direction of the 4th part of the duodenum?

A

Ascending

24
Q

Which parts of the duodenum are secondary retroperitoneal?

A

2-4

25
Q

Of the small bowel, what portion is jejunum?

A

Proximal 2/3

26
Q

Which portion of the small bowel has a single arcade with long vasa recta?

A

Jejunum

27
Q

What is the difference in the plicae of the jejunum and ileum?

A

Jejunum has high plicae, ileum has low plicae

28
Q

From what layer of the GI tract are plicae projections?

A

Submucosa

29
Q

What is the lymphatic structure within the villi on plicae circularis?

A

Lacteal

30
Q

What are the specialized longitudinal muscular bands of the large bowel? How many are there?

A

Tenia Coli- 3

31
Q

What are the individual sacs on the colon? What is there function?

A

Haustra- helps with propulsion and allows maximal water absorption

32
Q

What are the fat lobules hanging from the large bowel?

A

Epiploic appendages

33
Q

What is the first part of the colon? What does it contain?

A

Cecum; has the ileocecal valve and appendiceal orifice

34
Q

What marks the turn from ascending to transverse colon?

A

The hepatic flexure

35
Q

What marks the turn from transverse to descending colon?

A

Splenic flexure

36
Q

At what point do tenia coli end?

A

The rectosigmoid junction

37
Q

What is the mesentery of the appendix? What does it contain?

A

Mesoappendix; appendiceal a.

38
Q

What is the most common position of the appendix?

A

Retrocecal ~64%

39
Q

What also happens at approximately the level of the rectosigmoid junction?

A

Peritoneal reflection

40
Q

True or false: the rectum is covered in serosa?

A

False- outside peritoneum

41
Q

Where does the rectum become the anus?

A

The pelvic diaphragm

42
Q

What provides sacculation of the rectum?

A

Rectal valves of Houston

43
Q

The pelvic diaphragm muscles contribute to what sphincter of the anus? The longitudinal mm?

A

Voluntary; involuntary

44
Q

What are the three components of the external sphincter?

A

Subcutaneous, superficial, deep

45
Q

What line divides the anal canal? What is the embryologic basic of this line?

A

Dentate/pectinate line- endoderm transitions to ectoderm

46
Q

What type of sensory fibers supply the anal canal above the dentate line? Below?

A

GVA above; GSA below

47
Q

What is the venous plexus above the dentate line? below?

A

Internal hemorrhoidal; external hemorrhoidal

48
Q

What are the accessory organs of the digestive system?

A

Sublingual, submandibular, and parotid salivary glands; liver, gallbladder, pancreas

49
Q

Blood enters the liver through what structures?

A

Hepatic artery; portal vein

50
Q

Through what does the gallbladder connect with the biliary system? What does it join with and what does that structure then become

A

Gallbladder connects to the common hepatic duct via the cystic duct, which then becomes the common bile duct

51
Q

What structures are included in the portal triad? In what structure are is the portal triad housed?

A

The proper hepatic artery, common bile duct, portal vein; all within the hepatoduodenal ligament of lesser omentum

52
Q

As the falciform ligament continues on the superior surface of the liver, what is the name of the ligament? What does that ligament then become?

A

Continues as coronary ligament with continues as left and right triangular ligaments

53
Q

What is the ligamentum teres hepatis a remnant of?

A

Umbilical vein

54
Q

What is the bare area of the liver?

A

Area of the liver with no visceral peritoneum

55
Q

What liver lobe sits posteriorly and inferiorly adjacent to the IVC?

A

Caudate lobe

56
Q

What lobe sits between the falciform/round ligament and the gallbladder?

A

Quadrate lobe

57
Q

What drains the liver of blood? Into what do they empty?

A

The right, middle, and left hepatic vein. Empty to IVC

58
Q

Approximately what percentage of bile produced does the gallbladder store?

A

10%

59
Q

What stimulates contraction of the gallbladder?

A

Cholecystokinin

60
Q

What is the medical term for gallstones? What can they be composed of?

A

Cholelithiasis; cholesterol or bile

61
Q

What structure sits in the C loop of the duodenum?

A

Pancreas

62
Q

Is the pancreas a peritoneal, true retroperitoneal, or secondary retroperitoneal structure?

A

2ndary retroperitoneal

63
Q

What are the three subdivisions of the pancreas? What part is most closely associated with the C loop of the duodenum?

A

Head, body, tail; head is within C loop

64
Q

What is the spatial relationship of the pancreas to the Superior Mesenteric a and v?

A

Pancreas lies anterior to SMA/V- a and v come out from underneath the pancreas and run over the duodenum

65
Q

What condition could result from significant weight loss and compression of the duodenum by the SMA/V? What symptoms would be associated with it?

A

Nutcracker syndrome; associated with postprandial pain and vomiting

66
Q

What is the Duct of Santorini?

A

The accessory pancreatic duct

67
Q

What is the Duct of Wirsung?

A

Main pancreatic duct

68
Q

What attaches the spleen to the bottom side of the diaphragm?

A

Splenophrenic and lienocolic ligaments

69
Q

What is the function of the spleen?

A

Serves as lymphoid organ and blood filter- helps fight certain kinds of bacteria and encapsulated microorganisms; breaks down partially degraded blood cells

70
Q

Where do the ureters run?

A

Retroperitoneum

71
Q

What kind of organ is the bladder (in what cavity does it sit)?

A

True pelvic organ- below peritoneal reflection

72
Q

What paired structures sit on either side of the aortic hiatus

A

Adrenal glands

73
Q

From anterior to posterior what tissue layers surround the kidney?

A

Parietal peritoneum, pararenal fat, renal/Gerota’s fascia, perirenal fat,kidney, perirenal, transversalis fascia

74
Q

What attaches the spleen to the bottom side of the diaphragm?

A

Splenophrenic and lienocolic ligaments

75
Q

What is the pathway of the left renal vein?

A

Runs to the right crossing over the aorta immediately inferior to the point at which the superior mesenteric a. comes off the aorta

76
Q

Where do the ureters run?

A

Retroperitoneum

77
Q

What kind of organ is the bladder (in what cavity does it sit)?

A

True pelvic organ- below peritoneal reflection

78
Q

What paired structures sit on either side of the aortic hiatus

A

Adrenal glands

79
Q

From anterior to posterior what tissue layers surround the kidney?

A

Parietal peritoneum, pararenal fat, renal/Gerota’s fascia, perirenal fat, kidney, perirenal fat, transversalis fascia

80
Q

What vertebral levels are the kidneys?

A

T12-L5

81
Q

What major artery supplies the foregut, midgut, and hindgut?

A

Celiac trunk, Superior mesenteric, inferior mesenteric a, respectively.

82
Q

What condition can result from significant weight loss and the compression of the left renal v by the superior mesenteric a.? What symptoms will present?

A

Nutcracker syndrome; left flank pain

83
Q

What is the spatial relationship of renal artery to renal vein entering the kidney hilum

A

Renal arteries are inferior to renal veins

84
Q

What is the path of the ureters?

A

Ureters cross under the gonadal vessels at the mid psoas, cross over the iliac vessels just below the pelvic brim, and cross under the uterine artery/ artery to vas deferens. In males the ureter runs postero-lateral to vas deferens

85
Q

What arteries supply the adrenal glands? From what arteries do each branch?

A

Superior Suprarenal aa. off inferior phrenic aa.; middle suprarenal aa off the aorta; inferior suprarenal aa. off the renal aa.

86
Q

What is the venous drainage of the adrenal glands?

A

Right suprarenal v into the IVC, left suprarenal v. into the left renal v.

87
Q

What major artery supplies the foregut, midgut, and hindgut?

A

Celiac trunk, Superior mesenteric, inferior mesenteric a, respectively.

88
Q

What supplies blood to the pancreas?

A

Celiac and Superior Mesenteric

89
Q

What branches come off the gastroduodenal a? What happens to the continuation of the a.?

A

Gives off anterior- and posterior- superior pancreaticoduodenal aa., continues onto greater curve of stomach as right gastroepiploic?

90
Q

The celiac trunk splits into what three arteries?

A

The common hepatic a., let gastric a., and the splenic a.

91
Q

What does the left gastric artery supply? What artery branches off of it?

A

Lesser curve of the stomach; esoophageal a.

92
Q

What arteries cross between the spleen and greater curve of the stomach?

A

Short gastric aa.

93
Q

What artery branches from the splenic a.? What does it supply?

A

L. gastroepiploic; greater curve of the stomach

94
Q

What is the first branch of the common hepatic a.? What is the c hepatic then called?

A

Gastroduodenal a.; proper hepatic a.

95
Q

What branches come off the gastroduodenal a? What happens to the continuation of the a.?

A

Gives off anterior- and posterior- superior pancreaticoduodenal aa., continues onto greater curve of stomach as right gastroepiploic?

96
Q

What are the branches of the superior mesenteric a.?

A

Inferior pancreaticoduodenal, middle colic, branches to small bowel, right colic, ileocolic aa

97
Q

What are the branches of the inferior mesenteric aa?

A

MArginal a of Drummond, Left colic a., sigmoid aa., superior rectal a.

98
Q

What connects SMA flow to IMA flow?

A

The marginal artery of Drummond

99
Q

What are the first branches off of the abdominal aorta?

A

Inferior phrenic arteries

100
Q

How many pairs of lumbar arteries branch off the aorta?

A

4

101
Q

What is the difference in the course of the gonadal arteries in men and women?

A

Ovarian arteries head straight off the aorta down onto ovaries; testicular arteries run through retroperitoneum and head anterior to deep inguinal ring and into the spermatic cord and out to the testicle

102
Q

At what vertebral level is the bifurcation of the aorta? What are the branches of the bifurcation?

A

L4; Common iliac arteries; usually a median sacral artery in the middle

103
Q

What are the branches of the common iliac arteries’ birfurcation?

A

external and internal iliac aa.

104
Q

What are the two venous systems of the abdomen?

A

The systemic/ caval venous system and the portal venous system