Acid base abnormalities

Question 1

diff betwen acidosis and acidemia

Answer 1

osis is the processes that tend to change ph in a given direction
emia is the resultant pH of the blood

Question 2

acedemia pH

Answer 2

<7.4

Question 3

alkalemia pH

Answer 3

> 7.4

Question 4

sites of acid base regulation

Answer 4

chemical buffers
lung
kidney

Question 5

metabolic acidosis

Answer 5

serum bicarbonate <24meq/L

Question 6

metabolic alkalosis

Answer 6

serum bicarb >24meq/L

Question 7

normal sodium bicarb

Answer 7

18-24 meq/L

Question 8

respiratory acidosis

Answer 8

pco2 >40mmhg

Question 9

respiratory alkalosis

Answer 9

pco2 <40mmhg

Question 10

normal pCO2

Answer 10

35-40mmghg

Question 11

major chemical buffer

Answer 11

pH dependent on relative ratio between carbon dioxide(acid) and bicarbonate (base)
if altered get an acid base abnormality

Question 12

respiratory regulation of co2 elimination

Answer 12

medullary chemoreceptors in the respiratory center are activated by cerebral arterial CO2
lungs compensate for metabolic disturbances

Question 13

increasing the rate and depth of respiration increases ….

Answer 13

quantity of CO2 to be eliminated by lungs

Question 14

renal regulation of H/HCO3

Answer 14

kidneys reabsorb filtered bicarbonate and eliminate H

takes much longer - in resp acidosis

Question 15

in presence of resp acidosis the kidneys..

Answer 15

excrete hydrogen ions and conserve bicarbonate ions

Question 16

in presence of resp and metabolic alkalosis kidneys..

Answer 16

retain H and excrete bicarb

Question 17

resp alkalosis compensation

Answer 17

every 10mmhg decrease in co2, hco3 decrease by 2mmole

Question 18

resp acidosis compensation

Answer 18

every 10mmhg increase in pco2, hco3 increase by 1mmole

Question 19

metabolic alkalosis compensation

Answer 19

every mmole increase in hco3, pco2 increase 0.7mmhg

Question 20

metabolic acidosis compensation

Answer 20

every decrease in hco3, pco2 decrease by 1mmhg

Question 21

in acid base disorder if the expected compensatory response hasnt occurred what does that indicate

Answer 21

mixed acid base disturbance

Question 22

what is an anion gap

Answer 22

difference in cations and anions
AG = unmeasured anions - unmeasured cations
…… i think this is backwards…..

Question 23

why is K not included in anion gap calculation

Answer 23

largely an intracellular cation that rarely alters the gap

Question 24

anion gap formula

Answer 24

AG = (Na) - (Cl + HCO3)

Question 25

what is the normal anion gap

Answer 25

12 +/- 4 mEq/L

Question 26

what does a high anion gap mean

Answer 26

increased unmeasured anions or decreased unmeasured cations

Question 27

what is high anion gap metabolic acidosis

Answer 27

generation of acid that titrates the bicarbonate with an unmeasured anion chloride concentraion remains normal (normochloremic acidosis)

Question 28

what is normal anion gap metabolic acidosis

Answer 28

processes that cause bicarbonate loss and chloride retention chloride concentraion higher (hyperchloremic acidosis)

Question 29

causes of high anion gap metabolic acidosis

Answer 29

renal failure lactic acidosis ketoacidosis drugs and toxins

Question 30

causes of normal anion gap metabolic acidosis

Answer 30

``` acetazolamide acidifying agents cholestyramine GI bicarbonate loss (diarrhea) chloride retention (renal acidosis) ```