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Biology 11000 > after exam 3 material > Flashcards

after exam 3 material Flashcards

1
Q

evolution

A
  • descent with modification

- change in the genetic composition of a population from generation to generation

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2
Q

paleontology

A

the study of fossils

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3
Q

adaptations

A

inherited characteristics of an organism that enhances its survival and reproduction in a specific environment

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4
Q

natural selection

A

a process in which individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than other individuals because of those traits

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5
Q

artificial selection

A

the selective breeding of domesticated plants and animals to encourage the occurrence of desirable traits

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6
Q

homology

A

similarity in characteristics resulting from a shared ancestry

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7
Q

homologous structures

A

structures in different species that are similar in structure but different in function because of common ancestry

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8
Q

vestigial structure

A

a feature of an organism that is a historical remnant of a structure that served a function in the organism’s ancestors

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9
Q

convergent evolution

A

independent evolution of similar features in different lineages

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10
Q

analogous

A

having characteristics that are similar because of convergent evolution

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11
Q

biogeography

A

scientific study of the geographic distribution of species

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12
Q

endemic

A

referring to a species that is confined to a specific geographic area

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13
Q

microevolution

A

change in the allele frequencies in a population over generations
causes: natural selection, gene flow, genetic drift

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14
Q

Genetic diversity

A

genes contained within an individual, within a population, and between populations of same species

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15
Q

species diversity

A

the different species in ecosystem or biosphere

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16
Q

endangered species

A

in danger of extinction throughout all or a significant portion of its range

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17
Q

threatened species

A

considered likely to become endangered in the near future

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18
Q

extinct species

A

never to be found again; can be locally or globally extinct

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19
Q

ecosystem diversity

A

different ecosystems in the biosphere

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20
Q

why care about ecosystems

A

biophilia
religious belief
concern for future
ecosystem services

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21
Q

ecosystem services

A 
produce food and water
filter pollutants
purify air
reduce flooding
remove carbon
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22
Q

habitat loss

A
  • greatest threat to biodiversity
  • species lose the area in which they evolved
  • caused by humans
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23
Q

introduced speces

A

threat to biodiversity

species brought by humans

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24
Q

overharvesting

A

threat to biodiversity
killing so many individuals of a population that it threatens the population’s survival
k selective species vulnerable

25
Q

natural selection over time

A

can increase the match between organisms and enviro

26
Q

Theory of evolution by natural selection

A
  • overproduction
  • variation
  • selection
  • adaptation
27
Q

Phylogeny

A

evolutionary history of a species or a group of species

28
Q

binomial nomenclature

A

two part latin name unique to each species (Genus species)

29
Q

hierarchical classification

A

organisms grouped into hierarchy of increasingly inclusive categories
kingdom> phylum> class>order>family>genus >species

30
Q

phylogenetic tree

A

diagram showing hypothesis about evolution

31
Q

caldistics

A

using common ancestry to classify organisms

  • caldes: ancestor and all decendants
  • clades within clades
32
Q

monophyletic

A

taxon is only equvlent to a clade if contains an ancestor and all its descendants

33
Q

paraphyletic

A

clade containing an ancestor and some but not all descendents

34
Q

polyphyletic

A

clade containing taxa with different ancestors

35
Q

symplesiomorphy

A

shared ancestral trait (backbone in mammals)

36
Q

synapomorphy

A

shared derived trait (hair)

37
Q

gene flow

A

transfer of genes into or out of population due to movement of fertile individuals or their gametes

38
Q

genetic drift

A

chance events that cause gene frequency to fluctuate unpredictably from one generation to next

39
Q

founder effect

A

small # of individuals establish population with gene pool different from source of population

40
Q

bottleneck effect

A

sudden change in environment drastically reduces size of population, by chance, certain genes over/under represented in new pop.

41
Q

relative fitness

A

contribution an individual makes to gene pool of next generation, relative to contributions of other individuals

42
Q

survival of the fittest

A

best adapted individuals pass relatively more of their genes to the next generations b/c likely to survive

43
Q

directional selection

A

conditions favor one phenotypic extreme or the other

44
Q

disruptive selection

A

conditions favor both phenotypic extremes

45
Q

stabilizing selection

A

conditions favor intermediate phenotype

46
Q

sexual selection

A

form of natural selection in which individuals with certain inherited characteristics are more likely than other individuals to obtain mates

47
Q

biological species concept

A

species is a group of populations whose members have the potential to interbreed in nature and produce viable fertile offspring but dont produce viable offspring with other such groups

48
Q

reproductive isolation

A

existence of biological barriers that impede members of two species from interbreeding and producing viable, fertile offspring

49
Q

prezygotic reproductive barriers

A

block fertilization from occurring

  • impeding mating attempts
  • preventing success of attempted mating
  • hindering fertilization if mating success
50
Q

postzygotic reproductive barriers

A

occur after fertilization

  • cause developmental errors –>death
  • cause infertility
  • decreasing hybrid chance of survival or repro
51
Q

limits of biological species concept

A
  • no way evaluate reproductive isolation of fossils
  • not apply to asexual repro
  • not explain species stay separate when sometimes interbreed
52
Q

morphological species concept

A

species identified by body shape and structure

53
Q

ecological species concept

A

species identified by niche

54
Q

pylogenetic species concept

A

species identified as smallest group of organisms sharing common ancestor, forming one branch of “tree of life”

55
Q

allopatric specieation

A

2 ways:

  • vicariance: ancestral population separated somehow
  • dispersal: some individulas from ancestral population colonize a new area
56
Q

sympatric speciation

A
  • disruptive selection

- polyploidy: an organism has more than 2 complete sets of chromosomes

57
Q

adaptive evolution

A

process in which traits that enhance survival or reproduction tend to increase in frequency in a population over time

58
Q

neutral variation

A

genetic variation that does not provide selective advantage or disadvantage

59
Q

balancing selection

A

natural selection maintains two or more phenotypic forms in a population

Biology 11000 (4 decks)

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