Age-Related Changes in Body Composition & Measurement

Question 1

what is primary aging

Answer 1

unavoidable deterioration of structure and function

Question 2

what is secondary aging

Answer 2

deterioration of structure and function due to preventable lifestyle and environmental exposures

Question 3

when is secondary aging usually seen

Answer 3

in context of disuse that occurs with aging

Question 4

how can secondary aging be modified

Answer 4

through intervention

Question 5

what can a decline in physiological function with age result in

Answer 5

reduced reserve capacity meaning the organs are more vulnerable to stresses

Question 6

what are age-related changes in the body

Answer 6

changes in bone, muscle, and fat tissues with increasing age and accompanying increase in low-grade chronic inflammation

Question 7

what occurs during the decline in bone mass with aging

Answer 7

bone mineral density starts to decline more measurably around 50 YO

Question 8

females can lose up to what percent of bone mass 5-7 years post menopause

Answer 8

20%

Question 9

what can lead to osteoporosis

Answer 9

clinical loss of bone density

Question 10

what contributes to weaker bone

Answer 10

infiltrated fat in the bone

Question 11

what age does muscle mass peak

Answer 11

at 30 years old

Question 12

what percent does muscle mass decline in 40-50 years old

Answer 12

3 - 8%

Question 13

what is the rate of decline in muscle mass with aging determined by

Answer 13

diet and physical activity level

Question 14

what causes myosteatosis

Answer 14

when fat infiltrates the muscle

Question 15

what can lead to sarcopenia

Answer 15

clinical loss of skeletal muscle mass and strength

Question 16

what does the percentage pf body fat and total mass do with age

Answer 16

it increases up until 70-80 years old

Question 17

what type of fat increases with aging

Answer 17

increased subcutaneous and visceral fat

Question 18

why is there an increased fat mass in the abdominal region with aging

Answer 18

associated with increased risk of metabolic disorders and CV disease

Question 19

where in the body is there an increase in ectopic fat accumulation

Answer 19

skeletal muscle, liver, pancreas, and heart

Question 19

what percentage is body weight increased between 25–60-year-olds

Answer 19

15%

Question 20

what does TEE stand for

Answer 20

total energy expenditure

Question 21

what does BEE stand for

Answer 21

basal energy expenditure

Question 22

what is the vicious cycle

Answer 22

muscle and bone loss, and visceral fat accumulation with aging combined with an increase in total adiposity

Question 23

what is osteosarconpenic obesity syndrome

Answer 23

a multimorbid state that predisposes an individual to further morbidity

Question 24

what occurs when an individual has osteosarcopenic obesity syndrome

Answer 24

increased risk of weakness and imbalance, falls, fractures, further decline in function, frailty, and disease

Question 25

what is acute inflammation

Answer 25

high-grade immediate response to an injury or trauma (how the body repairs itself)

Question 26

what is chronic inflammation

Answer 26

low-grade and is associated with aging and causes damage build-ups

Question 27

what does chronic inflammation promote

Answer 27

catabolic state

Question 28

what is catabolic state

Answer 28

decreased mitochondrial funciton, muscle fibre atrophy, bone mineral breakdown, and fat redistribution

Question 29

does pro-inflammatory cytokines increase or decrease with age

Answer 29

increases

Question 30

centenarians are associated with what levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and anti-inflammatory cytokines

Answer 30

lower levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and higher levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines

Question 31

what is inflammageing

Answer 31

an age-related chronic persistence of pro-inflammatory markers in the blood

Question 32

what is a predictor of morbidity and multimorbidity

Answer 32

inflammaging

Question 33

what increases chronic inflammation

Answer 33

Osteokines, myokines, and adpiokines

Question 34

what is a DEXA scan

Answer 34

a picture of what is going on in terms of tissue distribution like muscle and fat amount and bone density

Question 35

what is the short physical performance battery

Answer 35

a well-validated test that is used in institutional and community-dwelling populations of older adults