Aggression

Question 1

What is the definition of aggression?

Answer 1

Any behaviour that is intended to harm another individual by physical or verbal means.

Question 2

What are the 2 categories of aggression?

Answer 2

Hostile (goal)

Channelled aggression/assertion (instrumental)

Question 3

What is the main category of aggression?

Answer 3

Hostile (goal)

Question 4

What is hostile aggression?

Answer 4

Motive to harm opponent/cause injury
Violate rules of the game
Disrupt team performance
Spoils cohesion/togetherness
Needs to be eliminated from sport

Question 5

What is an example of hostile aggression?

Answer 5

Fighting in ice hockey

Question 6

What is channelled aggression/assertion?

Answer 6

Does not attempt to harm opponent
Within the laws/spirit of the game
Involves forceful, robust functional play
Aim is successful completion of the task

Question 7

What are some examples of channelled aggression/assertion?

Answer 7

Rugby tackle
Boxing - punch harder
Hitting the ball harder in tennis

Question 8

How do you remember the causes of aggression?

Answer 8

FRANCE

Question 9

What are the causes of aggression?

Answer 9

Frustration at poor performance
Retaliation to an incident
Actual/perceived unfairness
Nature of the game
Copying behaviour of others
Excessive pressure to win

Question 10

What is an example of frustration at poor performance as a cause of aggression?

Answer 10

Striker in football getting annoyed at missing a shot and therefore hitting an opponent

Question 11

What is an example of retaliation to an incident as a cause of aggression?

Answer 11

After a rugby player got illegally tackled (landed on their neck) a teammate hitting the person that did the tackle

Question 12

What is an example of actual/perceived unfairness as a cause of aggression?

Answer 12

A footballer swearing at the referee after the referee has given a penalty against them when they believe they didn’t foul opponent in the box.

Question 13

What is an example of nature of the game as a cause of aggression?

Answer 13

In a derby, incidents of aggression are higher for example, manchester united vs city because the pressure is higher and it’s the social norm to be more aggressive.

Question 14

What is an example of copying the behavior of others as a cause of aggression?

Answer 14

In rugby, joining in with a fight as some of your teammates are also involved.

Question 15

What is an example of excessive pressure to win as a cause of aggression?

Answer 15

In a cup final, a footballer kicking an opponent after a bad tackle that stopped them from scoring.

Question 16

Where does pressure come from that can cause aggression?

Answer 16

Parent/coaches/sponsors

Question 17

What are the 4 theories of aggression?

Answer 17

Instinct
Social learning
Frustration aggression
Aggression cue hypothesis

Question 18

What does the instinct theory propose?

Answer 18

Aggression is genetically inherited and that the trait of aggression is instinctive and lies within everyone and important in evolutionary terms

Question 19

What does freud say about instinct theory of aggression?

Answer 19

The purpose is to seek out aggressive destruction otherwise it could become dangerous to the individuals well being. This is called the death instinct.

Question 20

What does Lorenz say about instinct theory of aggression?

Answer 20

Aggressive energy is constantly being built up and needs to be released. Could be antisocial or channelled aggression.

Question 21

What did Lorenz relate human behaviour to in order to support instinct theory of aggression?

Answer 21

Animal behaviour

Fighting for a mate, territory, dominance and survival. May retaliate to provocation

Question 22

What are the arguments against the instinct theory of aggression?

Answer 22

Early humans were hunter-gatherers not warriors
Human aggression is learned and many cultural differences support this
Participation in sport is seen to increase aggression
Aggression is not predictable

Question 23

What does social learning theory of aggression propose?

Answer 23

Aggression is not innate characteristic but nurtured through environmental forces.
Observe aggressive act, imitate, reinforced.

Question 24

What are the arguments against the social learning theory of aggression?

Answer 24

At times we do not copy role models behaviour
Strong sense of independence can lead to role models being ignored (counter cultural behaviour)
Sometimes can’t help ourselves be aggressive.

Question 25

What does frustration aggression hypothesis propose?

Answer 25

Innate aggressive gene triggered by a situation. Frustration develops when goal directed behaviour is being blocked. If aggressive act is successful then frustration is released, known as cathartic release. If unsuccessful lack of catharsis.

Question 26

What does frustration aggression hypothesis say increases the likelihood of aggressive behaviour?

Answer 26

If individual was close to achieving goal If frustration was caused deliberately If blocking of the goal is perceived to be unfair.

Question 27

What are the arguments against frustration aggression hypothesis?

Answer 27

Not everyone behaves this way Does not take into account differing circumstances Aggression is never satisfying to most and creates regret leading to low self esteem.

Question 28

What does the aggressive cue hypothesis propose?

Answer 28

Frustration creates a readiness for aggression which is triggered when a provocation environment cue is present. Cues will trigger aggression if arousal is high. Learned/conditioned response through operant conditioning.

Question 29

When is aggression less likely in the aggressive cue hypothesis

Answer 29

If aggressive cue isn't present

Question 30

What are the arguments against the aggressive cue hypothesis?

Answer 30

Same cues can have different responses from same people at different times. Same cues can have different responses from different people. Have perceptual ability to be able to recognise inappropriate aggression and avoid it.

Question 31

What are the 6 ways to eliminate aggression?

Answer 31

Control arousal levels via stress management techniques Avoid situations that initiate aggression Remove aggressive player Give individual role of responsibility Punish aggressive behaviour Praise fair play

Question 32

What is an example of a management technique to eliminate aggression?

Answer 32

Yoga/meditation/breathing exercises

Question 33

How could you remove an aggressive player from a situation?

Answer 33

Substitution

Question 34

How would giving a player a role of responsibility eliminate aggression?

Answer 34

Make captain - be role model so change aggression

Question 35

How could you punish aggressive behaviour?

Answer 35

Fine players

Question 36

How can you encourage fair play?

Answer 36

Fair play awards | Praise verbally - develop S-R bond

Question 37

How can aggression decrease participation in sport?

Answer 37

Hostile aggression, increase arousal, reduce concentration, poor performance so drop out More prone to injury/dismissal from games Reduces satisfaction reduce motive to continue with the activity.