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Russia > Alexander ii > Flashcards

Alexander ii Flashcards

1
Q

Accession of Alexander ii - Tsar Liberator

A

1855

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2
Q

Defeat in Crimean war

A

1856

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3
Q

Emancipation

A

1861

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4
Q

Finish parliament (Diet)

A

1863

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5
Q

Zemstvo

A

1864

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6
Q

Censorship regulations eased

A

1865

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7
Q

First assassination attempt on Alexander ii

A

1866

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8
Q

Local Urban Dumas

A

1870

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9
Q

Growth of opposition

A

1874-81

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10
Q

Ukraine censorship decree

A

1876

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11
Q

Russo Turkish war

A

1877-78

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12
Q

Treaty of San Stefano

A

1878

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13
Q

Okhrana established

A

1880

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14
Q

Constitutional proposals

A

1881

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15
Q

1881

A

Constitutional proposals

Assassination of Alexander ii

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16
Q

Why was the Russo-Turkish war a shock?

A

Struggle to win as turkey smaller

Showed the weakness of military reform

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17
Q

Treaty of San Stefano outline

A

Land gain

Russia defender of the people

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18
Q

Why was the Congress of Berlin humiliating

A

Smaller powers asserted themselves over Russia

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19
Q

Committee of Ministers established

A

1861

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20
Q

Replaced the personal Chancellery if his Imperial Majesty with the Council of Ministers

A

1861

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21
Q

Polish revolt

A

1863

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22
Q

Ukraine Censorship decree

A

1863

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23
Q

Legal reforms

A

1864

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24
Q

Finnish constitution

A

1865

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25
Q

Congress of Berlin

A

1878

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26
Q

Assassination of Alexander ii

A

1881

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27
Q

What was Alexander 2nds nickname?

A

The Tsar Liberator

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28
Q

What event started the emancipation?

A

Crimean war

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29
Q

What were the nobility of landowners called?

A

Dvoriane

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30
Q

What did Alexander say about serfdom?

A

It is better to destroy serfdom from above than to wait until that time when it begins to destroy itself from below

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31
Q

Who essentially decided the terms of the emancipation?

A

Dvoriane

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32
Q

How much lad did peasants actually receive after emancipation?

A

1/3

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33
Q

Who were peasants tied to after emancipation?

A

Mir

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34
Q

How much peasant income came from farming after the emancipation?

A

Only half by 1900

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35
Q

How long were redemption payments held for?

A

49 years

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36
Q

How much land did peasants lose after the emancipation?

Where was this particularly bad?

A

Ukraine - lost 30.8%

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37
Q

How many peasants didn’t have land following the emancipation?

A

2-3 million

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38
Q

How did the mir control peasants?

A

Needed a passport to travel more than 20 miles

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39
Q

Local Urban Dumas

A

1870

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40
Q

Use of repression

A

Okhrana

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41
Q

Treatment if Russian people

A

Russification
Glastnist
Pro Jewish policies

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42
Q

Polish Emancipating

A

1864

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43
Q

What year was the Crimean war?

A

1854

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44
Q

What did Alexander ii say about serfdom?

A

It is better to abolish serfdom from above then to wait for the day it begins to abolish itself from below

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45
Q

Who were peasants now tied to?

A

The Mir

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46
Q

How much of peasants income came from farming after the Emancipation?

A

Only half by 1900

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47
Q

How long we’re redemption payments held for?

A

49 years

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48
Q

How much land do peasants lose after the Emancipation and where was it particularly bad

A

Ukraine lost 30.8%

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49
Q

How many peasants lost land following the Emancipation?

A

2-3 million

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50
Q

How did the Mir control peasants?

A

Needed a passport to travel more than 20 miles

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51
Q

Good policies if Emancipation?

A

Table to marry without third party consent, hold property and couldn’t be bought or sold

52
Q

Example if judicial reform

A

Trial by jury

53
Q

Example if education reform

A

Curriculum modernised

54
Q

How much did students increase by?

A

Doubled to 800000 during the first decade if Alexander is reign

55
Q

Who was minister of war?

A

Militin

56
Q

What was the aim of military reforms?

A

More effective

57
Q

Example of military reform

A

Service reduced from 25-15 years

58
Q

Evidence military position improved?

A

Participation on Treaty if San Stefano

59
Q

Example of economic reform

A

Unified treasury

60
Q

We’re economic reforms successful?

A

Yes

61
Q

Evidence Emancipation failed

A

Polish revolt 1863
Going to the people 1874
Failed assassination attempt 1866
Assassination 1881

62
Q

Significance of going to the people?

A

Developed a political consciousness

Later insurrections

63
Q

Key group against the Tsar?

A

The third Element

64
Q

Example of political change

A

Abolished the ‘personal chancellery of his imperial majesty’ and replaced it with the ‘council of ministers’

65
Q

What did the Polish uprising show about Alexander ii?

A

His repression

Not necessarily the Tsar Liberator

66
Q

Examples of Russification after the Polish Uprising

A

Criminalising displays of Polish culture and on the Polish language, Catholic Churches shut down and their land given to Russians, Russian made the official language

67
Q

Treatment of Jews under Alexander ii

A

Allowed to migrate from the Pale of Settlement

68
Q

Nationalities and we Alexander ii

A

Poland - Russification after Polish revolt
Ukraine - 2 decrees 1863 and 1876 that stopped the publication and importation of books in Ukrainian
Finland - own Diet 1865

69
Q

Two treaties which ended the Russo-Turkish war

A

Treaty of San Stefano

Congress of Berlin

70
Q

Why does Glastnost mean

A

Openness

71
Q

Alexander ii and police force

A

Replaced the third section with the Okhrana in 1881

72
Q

Who were economic ministers under Alexander ii?

A

Reutern and Hughes

73
Q

What economic change did Reutern make?

A

Railway construction, foreign expertise and investment

74
Q

What were economic policies inhibited by?

A

Russo-Turkish war

75
Q

Stats for increase in railway construction

A

7-food increase of railway tract from 1862-1878

Doubled industrial output whilst Reutern was in office

76
Q

What was the trial of the 50?

A

Imprisoned key populists

1877

77
Q

What did the liberals question?

A

the ‘administrative monopoly of officialdom’

78
Q

What did Leo Tolstoy state about the army?

A

‘we have no army, we have a hoard of slaves cowed by discipline, ordered by thieves and by slave traders’

79
Q

How many primary schools in 1880?

A

2300

80
Q

Why did law reforms have imperfections?

A

shortage of trained lawyers and interference from the bureaucracy
existence of peasant courts negated equality before law

81
Q

Example of legal system still being corrupt

A

vera Zasulich case = she was released despite attempted murder as she was ‘justified’

82
Q

Minister of the Interior under Alexander ii

A

P.A Valuev

83
Q

What did P.A Valuev do?

A

persuade Alexander ii to limit local assemblies
Zemstva presidents appointed rather than elected
Zemstvas not allowed to levy taxes

84
Q

Who controlled school?

A

Zemstva through school boards

85
Q

Increase in primary schools under Alexander ii

A

from 8000 in 1856 to over 23000 in 1880

86
Q

1863 statue

A

allowed universities to exercise administrative authority

87
Q

What effected liberalisation

A

Golovnin (Minister of education) and assassination attempts

88
Q

Who was minister of finance under Alexander ii and what did he do?

A 
Reutern
Created a unified treasury and centralised departmental accounts
Public budget 1861
System of gov. excise 1863
Improved gov. audits
89
Q

Chief of administration in Poland

A

Alexander Wielpolski

90
Q

Reasons for Polish uprising

A

Reforms in Poland limited
growing opposition e.g polish autonomy
forced conscription

91
Q

Response of Russia to Polish uprising

A

Polish Emancipation 1864 - better than Russian
Russification
Milyutin in control of Poland

92
Q

Milyutin plan in Poland

A

Polish nobility exiled to Siberia and their estates transferred to Russian officials
Zemstva type councils

93
Q

Reasons for Polish uprising failure

A

Guerrilla rebels
Russian military power
Limited foreign help

94
Q

Finland under Alexander ii

A 
Independence 
1863 Diet
1865 constitution
Not as important as no gain
No push for Nationalism
95
Q

Ukraine under Alexander ii

A

Bread Basket of Europe
Nationalism surge (similar to Poland)
Russification (decrees of 1863 + 1876)

96
Q

Poland and Alexander ii

A

Buffer state + fertile land
1863 polish revolt
repression/russification

97
Q

Baltics under Alexander ii

A

Raw resources + high in business value
wealthy
Natural Russification

98
Q

Central Asia under Alexander ii

A

Expanded but no Russification
Exploited for resources
Gain access to far East

99
Q

Key points of Russo-Turkish war

A

Struggle to win - shock as Turkey smaller
Weaknesses still in Milyutins reforms
Success of engineering - finding a way to cross the Danube

100
Q

Treaty of San Stefano

A

Success
Land gain
Defender of the people

101
Q

Congress of Berlin

A

Failure

Smaller powers asserted themselves over Russia

102
Q

How much did land owned by Nobility reduce by?

A

40% by 1905

103
Q

Difference between the OKhrana and the Third section?

A

Okhrana less oppressive

104
Q

Alexander ii more liberal approach to newspapers

A

89 newspapers in 1894

105
Q

Problem of growing intellectuals under Alexander ii

A

4000 university students in the countryside to educate peasants

106
Q

Reutern reforms

A

1862-78

Foreign investment and expertise

107
Q

Railway construction under Alexander ii

A

Corruption due to high cost of construction - 94% of railway lines in private hands by 1880

108
Q

Hughes under Alexander ii

A

encouraged foreign investment and expertise

32000 Welsh Russians by 1904

109
Q

Alexander ii and secondary schools

A

‘new code’
new subjects e.g languages and science
Dmitri Tolstoy (Minister of education) against it so started a campaign for unis to only accept classic gymnasia students - manipulated system so middle class excluded

110
Q

Russian control of Central Asia

A

Much of Central Asia under Russian control by 1880

Living space and raw materials

111
Q

Evidence Alexander iis reforms weren’t due to the Crimean war

A

Increasing unrest

Constitutional proposals

112
Q

Success of reforms post Crimean war

A

over 20 000 km of track built 1861-1878
modernised army and training for officers
increase in communication network

113
Q

What did Alexander iis reforms encourage?

A

growth of intelligensia

114
Q

Other Alexander ii liberal reforms

A

release of all Decembrists who had tried to overthrow his father in 1825
Amnesty to Poles who rebelled 1839-31
26000 passports given out in 1859

115
Q

Civil unrest due to Emancipation

A

647 incidents of peasants rioting in the four months following
Troops used in 449 cases

116
Q

Result of Alexander iis army reforms

A

Every man over 20 liable to conscription

military reserve raised from 210000 to 553000 by 1870

117
Q

Censorship under Alexander ii

A

1865 new rules to guide wtiters

1873, Ministry of the Interior given power to forbid topics from discussion

118
Q

Growth of Industrial workforce

A

from 860000 to 1320000 by 1887

119
Q

End of reform

A

1860s
Assassination attempt?
Had completed his limited reform?

120
Q

Corruption in judicial reform

A

trial of 193
kept secret
plea for leniency to the Tsar ignored
Trail of populists ‘going to the people’

121
Q

What were the nobility of the landowners called?

A

Dvoriane

122
Q

Who essentially decide the terms of the Emancipation?

A

The Dvoriane

123
Q

How much land did peasants actually receive?

A

1/3

124
Q

Steppe statute

A

1891
Granted 40 acres of land to peasant settlers
Like 1910 stolypin push for migration

125
Q

Evidence Zmestvas were limited

A

1917 = still 37 provinces without a Zemstva

Russia (8 decks)

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