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Human Systems > Alimentary - Stomach > Flashcards

Alimentary - Stomach Flashcards

1
Q

What does the stomach do

A

Stores swallowed food​

“Retention” of food​

Mixing of gastric “juice”​

Chemical and mechanical functions​

Limited absorption – except alcohol and aspirin leading to fast action of these substances

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2
Q

Where/What is the abdomen

A

-Extends under the rib cage
-Body cavity between diaphragm and pelvic inlet
-Separated from thorax but not from pelvis

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3
Q

What is the abdomen wall composed of

A

Multi-layered musculoaponeurotic wall
Adipose tissue

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4
Q

Sections within the abdomen (1-9)

A

1- R. hypochondrium
2- Epigastric
3- L. hypochondrium
4- R. lumbar
5- Umbilical
6- L. lumbar
7- R. iliac fossa
8- Suprapubic (hypogastrium)
9- L. iliac fossa

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5
Q

Where is the stomach found within the abdomen

A

In the left hypochondrium/epigastric region

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6
Q

What is anterior/superior to the stomach

A

Lower ribs / diaphragm

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7
Q

What is found posterior / inferior to the stomach

A

Diaphragm, spleen, kidney (L), adrenal gland, pancreas

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8
Q

What is found within each section of the abdomen

A

1 = Right hypochondrium - Liver​

2 = Epigastric – Duodenum, liver, gall bladder, pancreas, stomach​

3 = Left hypochondrium – Spleen and stomach​

4 = Right lumbar – Ascending colon, kidney​

5 = Umbilical –Stomach, Head of pancreas, Small intestine (duodenum),transverse colon, lower aspects of right and left kidneys​

6 = Left lumbar – Descending colon, left kidney​

7 = Right iliac fossa – Caecum, appendix, part of ascending colon​

8 = Suprapubic – Bladder, uterus, parts of small intestine eg ileum, ​

9 = Left iliac fossa – Sigmoid colon, descending colon, descending colon

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9
Q

When sectioning the abdomen what are the:
2 vertical lines
Lower horizontal line
Upper horizontal line

A

Mid-Clavicular lines
Intertubecular line
Subcostal line

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10
Q

What is pyloric stenosis

A

Condition which prevents food from entering the small intestine
Affects the pyloric sphincter at the bottom of the stomach at the opening of the small intestine

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11
Q

Where does most absorption occur

A

In the small intestine, especially when the secretions of the bile and pancreatic secretions pass into the duodenum

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12
Q

What is the stomach

A

A hollow muscular organ which is responsible for the breakdown of what is ingested by enzymes and hydrochloric acid

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13
Q

in which section of the abdomen is the stomach found

A

Epigastrium and L. hypochondrium

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14
Q

What are Rugae and what do they do

A

Folds of the organ which can be seen with the naked eye.
They help increase surface area and allow for the folding of the organ

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15
Q

What are the 3 layers of muscle in the stomach wall

A

Longitudinal muscle (outer)

Circular muscle (middle)
Oblique muscle (inner)

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16
Q

What is the purpose of the 3 muscle layers

A

Help with the churning, or mixing, of the stomach contents called the chyme.

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17
Q

Where are the muscle layers located

A

Within the muscularis externa

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18
Q

What are the epithelial layers of the stomach wall

A

Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis externa
Serosa
Mnemonic

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19
Q

What secretory cells are found within the stomach

A

Mucus secreting cells:
-luminal surface + gastric pits
-alkaline

Parietal (oxyntic) cells:
-HCL and intrinsic factor (required for VitB12 absorption)

Chief (zymogenic) cells:
-pepsinogen

Endocrine cells
-gastrin

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20
Q

What is the purpose of endocrine cells

A

They secrete their hormone gastrin into the bloodstream which stimulates the production of hydrochloric acid by the parietal cells

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21
Q

What does pepsinogen do

A

It is activated to become pepsin under the production of acid which then breaks down proteins into smaller amino acids

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22
Q

What types of mucus secreting cells are present in the stomach

A

Mucous neck cells
Surface mucous cells

both produce mucous but the neck cells are a little less alkaline than the surface mucous cells​

23
Q

Why do we needs vitamin B12

A

Needed for normal functions of the nervous system and the maturation of red blood cells in the bone marrow

24
Q

Where are gastric pits found

A

Within the mucosa containing the secretory cells

25
Q

How are the secretory cells stimulated

A

Endocrine cells produce gastrin
This stimulated the parietal cells to produce HCL
The HCL acid then breaks down pepsinogen to become pepsin produced from the chief cells
The mucous and surface mucous cells protect the mucosa

26
Q

How do the Parietal and Chief cells stain

A

Parietal cells
-large round or pyramid shaped cells, stain pink i.e. highly acidophilic, central round nucleus

Chief cells
-found in lower regions of the gastric glands,basophilic (very blue)

27
Q

What is the role of carbonic anhydrase

A

Catalyses the reaction between water and carbon dioxide to produce carbonic acid and dissociated products

28
Q

Where does the stomachs blood supply come from

A

It is supplied by a rich system of arteries derived from the celiac trunk (arising from the aorta)

29
Q

What are the three branches of the coeliac trunk

A

The left gastric
Common hepatic
Splenic arteries

30
Q

What artery supplies the lesser curvature of the stomach

A

The left and right gastric artery

31
Q

What is an arterial anastomosis

A

The arteries come together and share a supply territory so blood can still be delivered if one of the arteries are occluded

32
Q

Where do the left and right gastro-omental arteries originate from

A

The splenic and gastroduodenal arteries

33
Q

In a gastric by-pass surgery why is the duodenum reconnected

A

As it supplies the bile from the liver and the pancreatic enzymes for digestion

34
Q

What is another name for a gastric by-pass

A

Roux-en Y (after the surgeon who first described it) Cesar Roux

35
Q

Name 3 types of weight loos surgery

A

Gastric band
Gastric by-pass
Sleeve gastrectomy (removal)

36
Q

When are weight loss surgeries considered

A

If a patient’s BMI is over 40
(or 35-40 with diabetes etc)

37
Q

How are the upper 2/3rds of the oesophagus drained

A

Via oesophageal veins carrying deoxygenated blood to the azygos vein and then onto the superior vena cava

38
Q

When do oesophageal varices occur

A

When pressure increases in the liver which results in collateral circulation developing around the lower oesophagus. They can rupture and be fatal

39
Q

How is the lower oesophagus drained

A

Towards the left gastric vein, which in turn goes to the portal vein and onto the inferior vena cava

40
Q

What is portal hypertension

A

Increased portal pressure

41
Q

Where do the left and right gastric arteries drain to

A

the portal vein

42
Q

Where do the veins of the stomach and gastric arteries drain into

A

The portal venous system

43
Q

Overview of the drainage of the stomach veins

A

The veins of the stomach accompany the gastric arteries and drain into the portal venous system, the portal vein itself receiving the right and left gastric veins. The splenic vein receives the short gastric and left gastro-omental (gastroepiploic) veins, while the right gastro-omental vein usually enters the superior mesenteric vein. The oesophageal tributaries of the left gastric vein take part in an important portacaval anastomosis with tributaries of the azygos venous system within the thorax.

44
Q

Where does the gastroduodenal artery branch from

A

Hepatic artery

45
Q

What supplies the upper part of the stomach and pylorus

A

The fundus and upper part of the body of the stomach is supplied by the short and posterior gastric branches of the splenic artery

The pylorus is supplied by the gastroduodenal artery

46
Q

What is the fundus

A

The fundus is a dome-shaped section at the top of the stomach. It does not usually store food unless the stomach is full. The fundus stores any gas that is a by-product of digestion.

47
Q

Which is the smallest branch of the coeliac trunk

A

The left gastric artery

48
Q

What arteries arise from the common hepatic artery

A

Right gastric
gastroduodenal

49
Q

Which branch of the splenic artery supplies the body of the stomach

A

Left gastro-omental (gastroepiploic)

50
Q

What are the folds called on the stomachs inner lining

A

Rugae

51
Q

What classification of the gut does the stomach fall under

A

Foregut

52
Q

What are the divisions of the gut

A

Foregut, Midgut, Hindgut

53
Q

What do the pylorus and cardia regions within the stomach have in common

A

They both contain mucous cells

54
Q

What cells are found within the body of the stomach

A

Parietal cells

Human Systems (34 decks)

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