All FR Key Dates Sections 1 - 4 & Explanations Of Things Flashcards
1
Q
Louis XVI succeeds Louis XV as king
A
1774
2
Q
France declared bankrupt
A
August 1788
3
Q
Louis XVI declares war on England in support of American Revolution
(France joins American war)
A
1778
4
Q
Assembly of Notables
A
1787
5
Q
What was the Assembly of Notables?
What did Louis want?
What happened?
(4 points)
A
> assembly of ministers selected by the King
(Mostly nobles/royalty and some clergy)
wanted agreement with his proposals for new taxes and trade to help economy
minsters rejected for largely selfish reasons
6
Q
Why was France’s bankruptcy significant?
A
> led to the announcement of the Estates General
7
Q
When was the Estates General announced
A
August 1788
8
Q
When was the Estates General?
A
5 May 1789
9
Q
What was the Estates General?
A
> meeting of the three ‘estates’ of society in order to present their grievances / reforms to the King
10
Q
When was the creation of the National Assembly?
A
17 June 1789
11
Q
What was the National Assembly
5 points
A
> Third estate did not want estates to meet separately
also wanted voting by head (not order)
Third Estate refused to do anything until the other estates agreed to this
1 month deadlock
Third estate eventually decided to go ahead w/o the other estates and renamed themselves the National Assembly (representing the people)
12
Q
When was the Tennis Court Oath?
A
20th June 1789
13
Q
What was the Tennis Court Oath
4 points
A
> Louis tried to regain control by closing the meeting room of the National Assembly
N A saw this as a despotic act and wanted to march to Paris
too rainy for journee to Paris so went to nearest indoor space
royal tennis courts = all had to swear to an oath not to disperse until France had a constitution
14
Q
When was the storming of the Bastille
A
14th July 1789
15
Q
What was the storming of the Bastille?
8 points
A
> Louis started moving more troops into Paris
Louis dismissed Necker inflaming people of Paris
triggered armed revolt + more army kept arriving
Parisians siezed weapons and went to Bastille for gunpowder
Bastille was symbol of royal power
governor of prison refused to hand over gunpowder and panicked and got his men to open fire
the people were so angry they stormed the prison & murdered the governor
louis had now lost control of Paris
16
Q
When was the great fear
A
July - August 1789
17
Q
What was the great fear?
4 points
A
> unrest in the country due to high food prices & bad harvests
news of king’s surrender & defeat of nobility triggered great fear
rumours of nobles hiring brigands to destroy the harvests
peasants armed themselves and attacked nobles homes / documents / symbols of feudal power
18
Q
When were the August decrees?
A
4 august 1789
19
Q
What were the august decrees
4 poitns
A
Decrees suggesting:
> feudal right abolished
> tithes, hunting rights, seigneurial courts abolished
> citizens taxed equally
> all eligible for any office in church, state or army
20
Q
When was the DoRoMaC
A
August 1789
21
Q
What was the DoRoMaC
3 points
A
> precursor to constitution
made all citizens equal
firmly dismantled the Ancien Regime
22
Q
When were the October days
A
October 1789
23
Q
What were the October days
7 points
A
> Louis summoned troops to Paris
Louis refuses August Decrees and questions DoRoMaC
triggered violent journee (women in Paris sieze weapons and march on Versailles)
National Guard would not stop them
Louis forced to agree to Ausugt Decrees
next day crowd broke into palace and threatened the Queen
National Guard restored order but King and Queen now forced to go to Paris
24
Q
When were the assignats issued
A
1789
25
What were the assignats?
> economic crisis
| > assignats were government bonds issued to aid purchase of Church land (used as paper money)
26
When was the Civil Constitution of the Clergy
12 July 1790
27
What was the Civil COnstitution of the Clergy
| 4 points
> Bishops dioceses reorganised inline with new departments
> all other clerical posts (except parish priests) removed
> appointment to clerical post by election
> clergy opposed
28
When was the Oath to the Civil Constition
27 November 1790
29
What was the Oath to the Civil Constitution
| 5 points
> deputies forced issue w/ clergy by forcing them to take an oath to the Constitution
> Pope came out against the reforms
> 50% clergy refused (refectory clergy) and removed from posts
> clash between religion and revolution for Catholics (Louis)
> many now opposed the revolution
30
When was the flight to Varennes
20 June 1791
31
What was the flight to varennes
| 5 poitns
> louis conflicted from revolution by his religion and the fact he’d lost his power (prisoner in Paris)
> blocked from leaving Paris in April to spend Easter as Saint Cloud
> Louis decided to escape = left Paris in disguise
> recognised at Varennes and brought back
> anger at Louis (he’d left behind a proclamation denouncing the revolution) and put constitutional monarchy in doubt
32
When was Louis’ temporary suspension
July 1791
33
What was Louis’ temporary suspension
> Louis suspended from power until a new Constitution was written and he was signed and sworn to it
34
When was the Champ de Mars Massacre
17 July 1791
35
What was the Champ de Mars Massacre
| 4 poitns
> Cordeliers organised a republican petition to be signed on Champ de Mars
> 50,000 attended and National Guard called out to maintain order
> NG fired on the crown and 50 killed
> afterwards, Cordelier club shut down and its leaders (Brissot and Danton) fled
36
When was the declaration of Pillnitz
27 August 1791
37
What was the declaration of Pillnitz?
| 3 poitns
> declaration from Austria and Prussia
> wanted freedom for the King to establish a monarchical government
> it threatened the French = if they didn’t treat te king well they would go to war with them
38
When was teh first constitution
September 1791
39
What was hte constitution of 1791
| 2 points
> first French constitution
> gave louis two key powers:
1. Powers to appoint ministers
2. SUSPENSORY VETO
40
When was the Legislative assembly created
October 1791
41
What was the legislative assembly?
| 4 poitns
> the new assembly of elected ministers under the constitution
> mostly wealthy/bourgeoisie
> two sides of assembly: Jacobins vs Feuillants (Plain in the middle)
> passed two laws and louis vetoed both (increased his unpopularity)
42
When was war with Austria declared
April 1792
43
When was the sans-culottes first Journee to the Tuileries
20 June 1792
44
What is the first sans-culottes journee to the Tuileries
| 4 points
> 8000 sans-culottes and some National Guards march on Tuileries
> carry petitions demanding Louis withdraw veto
> Louis opens his doors to the protestors and puts on the bonnet rouge (revolutionary hat)
> mob disperses but Louis does not rescind veto
45
When was la patrie en danger
11 July 1792
46
What was la patrie en danger
> decree stating fatherland is in danger
| > challenges citizens to enlist for war service to unify / guard against enemies
47
when was the Brunswick manifesto
25 July 1792
48
What was the Brunswick manifesto
> proclamation by Duke of Brunswick, commander of allied army to the population of Paris
> threatened violence to French civilians is the royal family were harmed
49
When was the second sans-culottes journee to the Tuileries
10 August 1792
50
What was the second sans-culottes journee to the Tuileries
| 4 points
> Tuileries attacked and its defenders (Swiss guards) killed
> Royals stayed with Legislative Assembly for refuge
> deputies then forced to hand Louis over (he was imprisoned)
> also had to agree to a new election of a National Convention that would draw up a democratic constitution
51
When was the king’s suspension
10 August 1792
52
What was the King’s suspension?
| 3 points
> Paris commune ‘removed’ the king and family to the Temple prison
> avoided any proclamation to depose the king / establish republic - but declared King ‘temporarily suspended’
> also kept him at the Temple (king was a prisoner)
53
When were the September massacres
2 September 1792
54
What were the September massacres
| 5 points
> Prussians advancing on Paris
> rumours of planned of prisoners to escape prison, massacre Parisians and give Paris to the Prussians
> extremists (like Marat) called for them to be killed
> attacks led by Federes and sans-culottes on refractory priests in prison, political prisoners, ordinary criminals etc.
> around 1,300 murdered and Paris Commune did not try to stop it
55
When was the meeting of the National Convention
20 September 1792
56
What was the elections to the National Convention
| 3 points
> elections for National Convention was first time all male adults (>21) could vote
> Robespierre first choice to lead convention
> (Danton, Marat and Desmoulins also chosen to represent capital)
57
What was the national convention
> new government body
| > distinct sides within it (Montagnards, Jacobins, Plain)
58
When was the Victory at Valmy
20 September 1792
59
What was the Victory at Valmy
| 3 points
> French army had defeated the Prussians at Valmy
> Prussian forces withdrew from France
> had temporarily saved the revolution
60
When was the monarchy abolished / France declared a republic
21/22 September 1792
61
When was the trial and execution of the King
January 1793
| Guillotined 23rd Jan
62
What was the trial / execution of the king
| 7 points
> Girondins wanted to try Louis and hold him hostage for future use in negoations with Prussians
> Montagnards saw him as already guilty of treason and wanted him punished
> Girondins won and National Convention agreed to try Louis
> armoire de fer (wall safe) meant verdict was never in doubt
> Robespierre and Montagnards wanted death penalty
> Girondins wanted referendum
> Louis found guilty and 387 voted death while only 288 didn’t
63
When did France declare war on Britain and United provinces
When was the war with Spain
February 1793
March 1793
64
What was the war with Britain and United Provinces / the war with Spain
(4 poitns)
> formed the first coalition
> France now being attacked on all sides
> France fighting against British financed block
> began war of first coalition
65
When was the creation of the revolutionary tribunal
March 1793
66
What was the revolutionary tribunal
| 3 poitns
> politically motivated courts (for enemies)
> very prolific with 5 judges on each
> jury from Paris on each selected by National Convention
67
When was the start of the revolt in the Vendee
mArch 1793
68
What was the revolt in the Vendee
| 3 poitns
> revolt in Vendee in Western France
> small beginnings in riots
> escalated into open warfare
> 20,000 rebels (against revolution) controlled Vendee in March
> CPS deployed troops to defeat the rebels (had succeeded by end of the year)
> 8,700 executed after being tried by military
69
When was the CPS formed / represent ants-en-mission created
6 April 1793
70
What was the CPS
| 5 points
> Committee of Public Safety
> created to coordinate war effort
> also to take responsibility for policing and justice
> made up of nine members to be elected monthly
> initially led by Danton & reported to Convention
71
What were the representants-en-mission
| 3 potins
> 82 people appointed to work in Paris and travel across France ensuring loyalty and effecting functioning of departments
> appointed by National Convention
> reported daily to CPS and weekly to Convention
72
When was the expulsion of Girondins and federalist revolts
2 June 1793
73
What was the expulsion of the Girondins and federalist revolts
(Not finished this cars - im a bit confused)
> Girondins were less radical and favoured decentralisation
> also had wanted Louis alive as negotiation tool
> did not get what they wanted = therefore seen as untrustworthy
> Girondins had support in the provinces but not in Paris
> Girondins attacked sans-culottes for their more extreme actions
>
74
When was Marat’s assassination
July 1793
75
When was the levee en masse
August 1793
76
What was the levee en masse
| 5 points
> conscription
> meant ‘all french people on permanent requisition for services to armies’
> all of french society (men, women, children, old)
> men without descendants went to fight
> everyone else worked in factories, histpitals, transport, to excite warriors
77
When was the law of suspects
17th September 1793
78
What was the law of suspects
| 2 points
> widened the definition of who was against the Revolution (royalists, federalists, relations of emigres etc etc.)
> increased the number of people brought to the rev/ Tribunals
79
When was the Law of General Maximum
September 1793
80
What was the law of general maximum
| 2 points
> to help deal with rising food prices and grain supplies decrease
> imposed an enforced wage and price controls throughout France
81
When was the declatation of the revolutionary government
October 1793
82
What was the declaration of revolutionary government
| 3 points
> National Convention decrees that Paris Commune should lessen meetings
> limited organisation of sans-culottes
> suspended the constitution
83
When was the constitution of hte terror
4 December 1793
84
What was the constitution of te terror
| 4 points
> estabilshed the revolutionary government
> confirmed the CPS/CGS had full power of control
> disbanded revolutionariy armies (except a Paris)
> created centralised gov
(Basically a dictatorship)
85
When was the spread of religious terror
Early 1794
86
What was the religious terror
> dechristianisation campaign driven by sans-culottes / revolutionary armies / reps-en-mission
87
When were the Hebertists and Dantonists removed?
march 1794
88
What was the arrest/ ececution of Hebertists
| 5 points
> Hebertists wanted Terror and were arrested
> released again in Feb
> Herbs then accused CPS of betraying revolution and called for a popular rising (didnt happen)
> rearrested mrach and and accused of betraying France to enemies
> untrue but they were still convicted and guillotined
89
What was te arrest/execution of the Dantons
> Indulgents were a faction led by Danton
> more of a threat (Danton popular)
> arrested and accused of conspiring to overthrow CPS
> Danton so successsul defending himslef that CPS rushed through new decree
> anyone insulting justice system could be removed
> indulgents then removed, convicted and guilotined next day (4 April)
90
When was the festival of the supreme being?
June 1794
91
What was the festival of the supreme being
| Not finished yet
> Robespierre cult of supreme being
| Not finished yet
92
When was the law of 22 Prairial
10 June 1794
93
What was teh law of 22 Prairial
| 4 points
> widened definition of political crimes so that almost anyone could be included
> guilty verdicts more likely (abolished defence)
> only verdicts could be death or acquittal
> numbers of deaths rose very sharply
94
When was the overthrow of Robespierre (Thermidorian reaction)
July 1794
95
What was the overthrow of Robespierre (Thermidorian reacaction)
(5 points)
> Robespierre address shouted down
> day before arrest gave a speech claiming there was a ‘conspiracy against public liberty’
> Robespierre and associates labelled as terrorists (blamed for the terror)
> guillotined same afternoon (no trial)
> Thermidorians were the men who overthrew Robespierre (members of CPS/CGS/ex-terrorists/National Convention)
96
When was the journee of Germinal
April 1795
97
What was the journee of Germinal
| 5 points
> high inflation + food shortages start of 1795
> caused huge demonstration in Paris calling for bread and release of former members of CPS
> gained no support from deputies
> National Guard stayed loyal to Convention (would not support demonstrators) so they dispersed
> some then exiled to ‘dry guillotine’ (Guiana)
98
When was the journee of Prairial
May 1795
99
What was the journee of Prairial
| 6 points
> more serious journee = some demonstrators armed and joined by National Guard
> National Convention deputies forced to give in at cannon point
> local army units then arrived and regained control
> demonstration leaders arrested and executed / some imprisoned / thousands disarmed
> broke the power of the sans-culottes
> army loyalty crucial
100
When was teh ‘White Terror’
April - May 1795
101
What was teh ‘White Terror’
| 3 points
> muscadins beat up former Jacobins, militants and sans-culottes
> provinces = extreme violence (some Prison massacres/street murders killing around 2,000 in 1795)
> government unable / unwilling to stop this
102
When was the Constitution of Year III
August 1795
103
What was the Constitution of Year III
| 6 points
> designed to prevent return to monarchy or dictatorship of CPS
> National Convention replaced by: Council of Five Hundred; Council of Ancients
> annual elections for both (changed 1/3 members every year)
> CPS replaced by Directory of Five:
- chosen by the ancients
- in office for five years
- one chosen by lot to retire each year
> yearly elections caused instability
> no way to resolve disputes which led to stalemate
104
When was the Royalist Vendemiare uprising
October 1795
105
What was the Royalist Vendemaire uprising
| 6 points
> royalists split (return to const/ monarchy under Dauphin?)
> National COnvention passed law of two-thirds to endure councils would be dominated by those committed to revolution
> prompted uprising & 25,000 demonstrators surrounded National COnvention
> army dispersed them using cannon
> 300 died, but little repression afterwards
> National Guard put under control of Napoleon
106
When was the installation of Directory government
November 1795
107
When did Napoleon become commander of army in Italy
March 1796
108
What was important about Napoleon becoming commander of army in Italy
(2 points)
> he was given a temporary position defending National Convention against Vendemaire
> showed great skill which earned him his promotion to commander of army in Italy
109
When was the Italian campaign
1796-97
110
What was the Italian campaign
| 2 points
> very successful campaign under Napoleon
| > charismatic leader, won multiple victories, collected lots of money for Directory
111
When was the Babeuf conspiracy
May 1796
112
What was the Babeuf conspiracy
| 2 points
> Babeuf planned rev/ uprising of police and army to set up dictatorship
> he was betrayed, tried and executed
113
When was the Treaty of Campo Formio
October 1797
114
What was the Treaty of Campo Formio
| 4 points
> French and Austrian Peace settlement
> very advantageous
> made Napoleon a National hero
> ended the ware of the first coalition
115
When was the Egypt campaign
May 1798
116
What was the Egypt campaign
| 4 points
> very unsuccessful campaign
> wanted to attack British interests but fleet destroyed in battle of the Nile (Nelson)
> abandoned army in Egypt and returned to France
> army did not escape Egypt until defeated by British in 1801
117
When was the war of the second coalition
1799
118
When was the Coup of Brumaire
November 1799
119
What was the Coup of Brumaire
| 9 points
> Napoleon and Sieyes
> Sieyes moved the Councils out of Paris on pretence of a Jacobin plot
> proposed that they should think of a new constitution
> army surround the hall & councils realise its a coup d’Etat
> asked to vote on the new constitution but take too long
> Napoleon enters (not allowed military in government) so deputies start to riot (DEFENESTRATION)
> Lucien & Napoleon round up enough deputies to swear in Napoleon
> once Napoleon and COnstitution accepted, deputies forced out of positions
> 1800 constitution sworn in by plebiscite
120
When was the Constitution of Year VIII
December 1799
121
What was the Constitution of Year VIII
| 5 points
> 3 consuls for 10 year terms
> executive appointed Senate could overrule legislature and initiate legislation
> did not uphold ‘DoRoMaC’
> complex electoral system
> more authoritarian / autocratic (Napoleon pushing for a dictatorship)
122
When was the consulate
December 1799
