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Paediatric Physiology > All References > Flashcards

All References Flashcards

1
Q

Biobanding is the practice of grouping youth athletes of the same biological age, based on their maturity status together for training and competitive matches

A

Cumming et al 2017

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2
Q

Players interviewed by X following a biobanded tournament were positive about the initiative, saying it was enjoyable and more competitive when trying to stand out against matched peers

A

Cumming et al 2017

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3
Q

more mature players had greater speed scores than there less mature peers, due to their biological age advantage

A

McCunn et al (2017)

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4
Q

less motivation and feel less fulfilled by their experiences of sport at this point, and leave an academy structured programme early, despite the catch up they would have later during PHV and after

A

Cobley et al 2017

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5
Q

whilst being born in the earlier quartiles is largely beneficial, it may lead to early specialisation and overuse injuries in later years

A

Cumming et al 2017

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6
Q

biobanding may impinge the development of players as a consequence of the underdog hypothesis

A

Gibbs et al 2012

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7
Q

compared younger and older karate competitors and found power outputs differed slightly only at revolution rates of 110-140 rpm, with PP achieved at 100 and 110 rpm respectively

A

Dzurenkova et al (1998)

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8
Q

compared the reliability of three cycle ergometers, against a 20s WanT in 14 8-9-year olds. They found PP, MP and time to PP mean values as well as the typical errors were very similar between the three ergometers

A

Williams et al (2003)

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9
Q

Adult data suggested that PP measured by this test was less than half the PP of polyarticular exercise

A

Avis (1985)

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10
Q

compared total work output measured by an isokinetic dynamometer to the WanT in children and found a correlation between total work of the extensors and total work in the WanT of r=0.94.

A

Bar-Or 1929

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11
Q

The WanT has been widely reviewed and shown to have good transferability of results into performance of predominately anaerobic tasks

A

Bar-Or 1929

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12
Q

reviewed the validity and repeatability of the WanT against a 30 s non-motorised treadmill sprint and found that the test outcomes were significantly correlated, suggesting it is a valid and reliable measure.

A

Sutton et al 2000

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13
Q

there is still around 16-45% contribution of the aerobic system during performance of a WanT

A

Chia 2006

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14
Q

The long-term athlete development model (LTAD) was proposed by

A

Balyi & Hamilton (2004)

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15
Q

a study by X showed individual differences in aerobic capacity (in reference to specific time point of development)

A

Bouchard 1997

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16
Q

demonstrated children can be either high or low responders to cardio-respiratory training at the same age, but showed low responders improved later as they matured instead.

A

Bouchard 1997`

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17
Q

Speed increases linearly prior to the age of 12 in both boys and girls, and then its development slows in girls compared to boys

A

Whittal 2003

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18
Q

suggested the differences in speed development in boys and girls is predominantly due to differences in growth and maturation which occur during puberty

A

Malina 1998

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19
Q

) investigated the effects of growth rates on the development of speed and power in children aged 11-13, over 9 months. They found no relationship between weight and the development of speed and power, but there was a positive relationship between these variables and height

A

Butterworth 2004

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20
Q

showed strength gains were achieved in 5-year-old

A

Faigenbaum 2001

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21
Q

showed no differences in the percentage increased of strength gain following training, when subjects at different maturational stages were the experimental population

A

Lillegard 1997

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22
Q

were the first to identify that VO2 rose in an exponential fashion in response to exercise intensity

A

Hill and Lupton 1923

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23
Q

reported faster VO2 kinetics in children compared with adults (P<0.05)

A

Fawkner 2002

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24
Q

younger children display a faster phase II rise in VO2 at the onset of moderate intensity than older children and adults

A

(Williams 2001)

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25
Q

This age-related decline in oxygen utilisation was suggested to be due to slower activation of metabolic enzymes and/or the build up of metabolic controllers; however, this relationship still remains unclear

A

Fawkner 2002

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26
Q

slowing of the VO2 kinetics could be explained by the slowing of muscle PCr kinetics during the transition from childhood to adulthood

A

Barker 2008

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27
Q

resting muscle PCr levels increase with age

A

Eriksson 1980

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28
Q

Studies have shown children to have similar recovery of muscle PCr compared to adults following a progressive maximal exercise test.

A

(Kuno et al. 1995)

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29
Q

reported that following a cross-sectional comparison of 8 boys and men, the children had faster VO2 kinetics than adults during heavy intensity exercise, by nearly two-fold.

A

Williams et al (2001)

30
Q

parabolic relationship with age-related decline in type I fibre expression and increase in type II

A

Barstow et al 1996

31
Q

showed higher-order (type II) muscle fibres have slower VO¬2 kinetics

A

Breese et al 2012

32
Q

the slow component seen in the men, and some boys was correlated with an increase in muscle recruitment in the men, but not in the boys.

A

Williams 2001

33
Q

Children have enhanced oxidative (but attenuated anaerobic) energy transfer during exercise compared with adults

A

Armstrong and Barker 2009

34
Q

proposed the tipping point hypothesis

A

Jones and Poole

35
Q

examined the effect of priming to attempt to increase muscle oxygen delivery and improve VO2 phase II kinetics

A

Barker 2010

36
Q

shown the more muscle you possess, and fitter you are, the more GH (and consequently) and IGF-1 you secrete in response to exercise

A

Eliakim 2001

37
Q

as increased concentrations of sex hormones. There are larger peaks seen in children who are in Tanner’s stage 4 or 5

A

Roemmich 1997

38
Q

Acute: Some studies have seen no change in either IGF-1 or IGFBP-3.

A

(Lasiasi et al 2016)

39
Q

Additionally, cortisol (a stress hormone) concentrations increased during acute bouts of exercise

A

Budde 2015

40
Q

conducted 5 weeks of endurance training, and saw an increase in boy’s fitness and muscle size. However, there was no significant changes in GH, and a reduction in IGF-1

A

Eliakim and Nemet 2013

41
Q

showed inflammatory markers (specifically IL-6 and TNF-A) increased in the children who trained the hardest and had the largest increase in fitness. This as a consequence, resulted in decreased IGF-1 also.

A

Scheett et al 2002

42
Q

There needs to be a catabolic state occurring in order to cause positive training adaptations following appropriate training

A

Nemet 2013

43
Q

The ratio standard method was first described by

A

Tanner 1949

44
Q

measured the VO2 running economy of prepubertal and pubertal children compared with adults whilst running at 5mph

A

Rogers et al 1995

45
Q

They examined predictions of outdoor, one-mile run scores in pubertal boys and girls based on VO2 max.

A

Nevill 2004

46
Q

Fitness in late adolescence is a good predictor of mortality and CVD risk later in life; better fitness, better health for life

A

Ortega 2008

47
Q

Fitness thresholds to assess CV health via aerobic fitness were published using data from the European Youth Heart Study

A

Riddoch et al 2005

48
Q

that if a gymnast retires early, or pauses training due to injury, catch up growth occurs

A

Caine 2001

49
Q

Gymnasts do generally have later pubertal development than average, however whilst this could be explained by a physical stunting of maturation, it is more likely that these girls are just late maturers

A

Caine 2001

50
Q

studies in monozygotic twins compared gymnastic vs non-gymnastic sisters and found that the gymnast had a shorter final height, and later age of menarche than their sibling

A

Bass et al 1998

51
Q

the final height of the gymnast, whilst shorter than their sister was in fact often greater than their mother

A

Malina 1994

52
Q

preselection phenomenon suggests those who are shorter are better equipped for moves involving forward and backward whole-body rotations

A

Ackland 2003

53
Q

any bodily movement produced by skeletal muscles which results in energy expenditure’

A

Caspersen et al 1985

54
Q

suggested PA levels begin to decline from the age of 7 years.

A

Farooq 2017

55
Q

indicated 83% of boys, and 56% of girls attained the current guidelines, yet when this was measured using an accelerometer, only 3% and 2% of boys and girls actually achieved this

A

Basterfield 2008

56
Q

conducted a longitudinal study over 10 years which compared those who performed >1500 Kcal exercise per week, against those who conducted <2000 kcal exercise.

A

Mora 2007

57
Q

VPA is cardioprotective- as little as 7 minutes daily

A

Hay 2012

58
Q

something that people possess or achieve, such as aerobic power, muscular endurance, muscular strength, body composition and flexibility’

A

Caspersen 1985

59
Q

completed a longitudinal study asking 1,000 11-15 year olds to complete a submaximal cycling test to predict fitness, as well as a PA questionnaire and repeated this at several time points over 30 years

A

Kvaavik et al 2009

60
Q

showed higher PF levels protected those who were less active, suggesting that PF is more important than PA for health

A

Brage 2004

61
Q

summarised the existing research and concluded that it was not important to determine which was better, but that both should be increased, as fitness is developed by activity

A

Blair 2001

62
Q

Between the ages of 8-18, their CV volume will have doubled

A

Bouchard 1997

63
Q

from 4 to 18 years, HR falls ~20%, with mean rates typically 2-3 bpm faster in girls

A

Malina 1983

64
Q

under autonomic blockade, resting HR in children rose from ~89bpm to 128bpm.

A

Marcus 1990

65
Q

when adjusted for body size using BSA, BMR declines ~23% between ages 6 and 16

A

Rowland

66
Q

standard deviations for maximal exercise protocols were as much as 7bpm (HRMAX)

A

Cumming and Langford (1985)

67
Q

SVi and Qi did not completely eliminate the effects of size on these variables during submaximal exercise in 7-9 year olds

A

Turely and Wilmore (1997)

68
Q

no significant differences in SVi peak have been observed between pre-pubertal children and adults

A

Rowland 1997

69
Q

Children appear to have a blunted SV response at the same intensity as adults

A

Rowland 1997

70
Q

children have a matched cardiac output, and peak velocity, and differences in HR were non-significant

A

Rowland 1997

Paediatric Physiology (2 decks)

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