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Pediatrics > Alterations in fluid, electrolyte, + pH > Flashcards

Alterations in fluid, electrolyte, + pH Flashcards

(50 cards)

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1
Q

extracellular fluid volume excess

A

too much fluid in vascular + interstitial compartment

-w normal serum Na concentration

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2
Q

possible cause of extracellular fluid volume excess

A

excessive IV fluids

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3
Q

hypernatremia

A

loss of water > loss of Na
or
gain of Na > water

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4
Q

hypernatremia

can be from…

A
  • dehydration of breastfed newborn esp at 2-3 day mark
  • decr LOC, confusn, lethargy, coma, seizures
  • low UOP except in cases of DI
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5
Q

hypernatremia

treatment

A

treated slowly

w isotonic first then hypotonic

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6
Q

hypernatremia

loss of more water than sodium can be caused by…

A
  • deficient breastfeeding intake w norm output
  • diarrhea/vomiting w/o fluid replacmt
  • DI
  • excessv sweating w/o fluid replacmt
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7
Q

hypernatremia

gain of more Na than water can be caused by…

A
  • inability to comunicate thirst
  • limited access to water
  • IV HYPERtonic soln
  • improper formular prep
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8
Q

water deprivation can lead to ____ and may possibly be caused by ___

A

hypernatremia

munchausen syndrome by proxy or neglect

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9
Q

to prevent hypernatremia…

A

extra fluids during hot weather, vomit, diarrhea

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10
Q

hyponatremia

A

decr osmolality of blood

-fr dilatn of body fluids

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11
Q

hyponatremia

causes

A
  • forced intake of water
  • *dilute formula
  • excessive swallowing of swimming pool water
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12
Q

hyponatremia

manifestations

A 
lethargy
decorticate posturing
coma
anorexia
n/v
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13
Q

hyponatremia

treatment

A

treated slowly w isotonic fluids

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14
Q

hyperkalemia can be caused by anything that…

A

kills a lot of cells

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15
Q

hyperkalemia

manifestations

A

-muscle dysfunction
-hyperactivity of smooth muscles in GI tract
»»cause cramping/diarrhea
-cardiac arrhythmias

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16
Q

hyperkalemia is removed thru…

A

dialysis, diuretics, + kayexalate

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17
Q

HYPER kalemia

nursing mgmt

A
  • check UO (should be 1-2 mL/kg/hr)

- turn IV soln to mix K

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18
Q

hypokalemia can be caused by…

A
  • *incr K thru GI tract is most common in kids)
  • *fad diets
  • *nasogastric suctioning can cause K loss
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19
Q

HYPO kalemia

manifestations

A

slowed GI: ab distentn, constipatn, paralytic ileus

gen muscle weaknss

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20
Q

when administering K via IV,…

A

may need to dilute or slow down

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21
Q

Calcium is needed for…

Study These Flashcards
A
  • muscle/nerve function
  • hormones
  • bone formation
  • strength
  • clotting factors
22
Q

Ca requires ___ for max efficiency

23
Q

more calcium during childhood reduces the risk of…

24
Q

infants w ___ are at risk for HYPERcalcemia bc…

Study These Flashcards
A

low birth wt;

inadequate bone phosphorous

25
most common cause of hyper-calcemia
shift of Ca fr bones to plasma | -fr tumor or hyperparathyroidism
26
hyper-calcemia | nonspecific symptoms
- fatigue - weakness - confusion - lethargy - decr attention span
27
hyper-calcemia | severe symptoms
- cardiac arrhythmias | - death
28
hyper-calcemia | treatments
hydration - avoid vit D supplements - avoid Ca rich food - avoid TUMS
29
hypo-calcemia | etiology/common causes
-children w chronic generalized malnutritoin -fem adolescents trying to lose wt often drop foods high in Ca >>>>causes premature bone loss, inadequate bone, risk for osteoporosis -vitamin D deficienct
30
hypo-calcemia | nursing mgmt
``` assess for... -diet -fat/muscle wasting -muscle cramps -stiffness -clumsiness -incr excitability >>CHVOSTEK SIGN >>TROUSSEAU SIGN ```
31
hypo-calcemia should dirnk...
3 glasses of nonfat milk per day
32
most common cause of hypermagnesemia in childten
impaired renal functioning leading to decr Mg excretion
33
possible cause of hypermagnesemia in newborn
MgSulfate in moms to treat eclampsia before birth
34
hypermagnesemia | education
avoid milk of magnesia + antacids w magnesium
35
hypomagnesemia | 2 routes of loss
GI loss: diarrhea, malabsorption, small bowel bypass surgery Renal loss: diuretics, genetic disorder, diabetic ketoacidosis
36
hypomagnesemia | manifestations
- hyperactive reflex - muscle cramps - cardiac arrhythmias - trousseau + chvostek signs
37
hypo-Mg can cause...
hypo-Ca
38
Respiratory Acidosis is caused by
accumulation of CO2 in blood | **any factor that interferes w ability of lungs to excrete CO2 can cause respiratory acidosis
39
Respiratory Acidosis | education
encourage deep breathing in younger children - use pinwheel - blow bubbles thru water - blow scraps of paper across table
40
respiratory acidosis factors affecting the lungs
- epiglottitis - cystic fibrosis - pulmonary embolism
41
respiratory acidosis factors affecting the neuromuscular pump
- pneumothorax or hemothorax - hypokalemic muscle weakness - congenital diaphragmatic hernia
42
respiratory acidosis factors affecting the central control of respiration
- sedative overdose | - general anesthesia
43
respiratory alkalosis | common causes
- hyperventilation - anxiety - fear - pain
44
if respiratory alkalosis persists for days,
kidneys compensate by >retaining acid >excreting bicarbonate
45
respiratory alkalosis | signs
- light headed feeling - tingling - numbness to fingers or toes - tachypnea
46
metabolic acidosis
excess of any acid other than carbonic acid
47
metabolic acidosis | causes
-eat/drink substance w acid like aspirin -cells make abnorm amt of acid >>>ketoacidosis, starvation fr anorexia/bulimia
48
metabolic acidosis causes respiratory compensation called..
kussmaul respiration
49
metabolic alkalosis
too few metab acids
50
metabolic alkalosis | causes
- excessive intake of bicarb antacids or baking soda - citrate metabolized into bicarb in blood transfusn - lose of acid thru severe vomiting, continuous gastric suction

Pediatrics (51 decks)

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