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Human Systems and Diseases > Anaemia > Flashcards

Anaemia Flashcards

1
Q

What is anaemia?

A

Reduction in haemoglobin in the blood from the normal values for that population.

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2
Q

What are the three broad causes of anaemia?

A

Reduced production
Increased losses
Increased demand

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3
Q

What is aplastic anaemia?

A

Reduced red cells caused by issues within the bone marrow.

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4
Q

What are the three haematinics?

A

Iron
Folate
Vitamin B12

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5
Q

What food sources have iron?

A

Meat
Green leafy vegetables
Iron tablets

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6
Q

How is iron absorbed in the body?

A

Iron is absorbed through the intestinal wall via 2 ways.

Non-haem is converted from Fe3+ to Fe2+ via stomach acid and taken through a transporter in the cell wall.

Haem iron is absorbed directly through a transporter in the cells wall.

Both are converted to ferritin

Then taken to the blood and transported to marrow and liver by transferrin.

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7
Q

Name some diseases which can reduce iron absorption?

A

Achlorhydria
Coeliac disease

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8
Q

What conditions can cause iron loss?

A

Crohn’s
Ulcerative colitis
Bowel cancer
Gastric erosion and ulcers

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9
Q

What is the function of iron in the body?

A

Used to make haemoglobin.

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10
Q

What food sources provide vitamin B12?

A

Meat and dairy

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11
Q

How is vitamin B12 absorbed in the body?

A

Vitamin B12 binds to intrinsic factor in the stomach.
This complex is taken to the the ileo-caecal junction and absorbed here.

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12
Q

How is folic acid absorbed?

A

Same way as iron.

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13
Q

What conditions may cause vitamin B12 deficiency?

A

Vegans
Autoimmune stomach disease- pernicious aneamia
Gastric disease
Crohn’s disease

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14
Q

What sources in the diet provide folic acid?

A

Green leafy vegetables.

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15
Q

What conditions may result in folic acid deficiency?

A

Lack of intake
Coeliac disease- absorption failure

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16
Q

What conditions can folic acid cause during foetal development?

A

Neural tube defects- spina bifida.

17
Q

What is Thalassemia?

A

Normal haem production but there is genetic mutation of global chains.

18
Q

What are the clinical effects of Thalassaemia?

A

Chronic anaemia
Marrow hyperplasia
Splenomegaly
Cirrhosis
Gallstones

19
Q

What is sickle cell anaemia?

A

Abnormal global chains
- RBC change shape in low oxygen environments.
- Prevents RBC from passing through the capillaries, causes tissue ischaemia.

20
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of anaemia?

A

Pale mucosa
Glossitis
Beefy tongue- vit B12
Tired and weak
Dizzy
Palpitations
SOB

21
Q

What causes microcytic anaemia?

A

Iron deficiency

22
Q

What causes microcytic anaemia?

A

Vitamin B12 and folate.

23
Q

If someone is anaemia but has normal RBC, what would this suggest?

A

Blood loss.

24
Q

Why is GA not advised for anaemics?

A

They have a reduced oxygen capacity.

25
Q

What are the constituents of blood?

A

RBC, WBC and platelets.
Plasma proteins- albumin and globulin
Lipids
Nutrients
Water

26
Q

What is leukopenia?

A

Low WCC.

27
Q

What is thrombocytopenia?

A

Low platelets.

28
Q

What is thrombocythaemia?

A

High platelets.

29
Q

What is leukocytosis?

A

Raised WCC.

30
Q

Where are red blood cells and platelets made?

A

In the bone marrow- form the myeloid stem cells lineage.

31
Q

What cells are produced from myeloid lineage?

A

RBC
Platelets
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
monocytes
Basophils

32
Q

What cells are produced from lymphoid lineage?

A

T and B cells.

33
Q

What is the lower limit of platelets for an extraction?

A

If below 50, the patient will need a platelet transfusion before the extraction.

34
Q

What are the oral conditions associated with haematinic deficiency?

A

Oral ulceration
Fungal and viral infections
Painful mucosa- mucosal atrophy

Human Systems and Diseases (14 decks)

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