Anaesthesia Flashcards
(25 cards)
What are the three principles of anaesthetics?
- Hypnosis
- Analgesia
- Muscle Relaxation
What are the three principles of hypnosis?
- Induction
- Maintenance
- Reversal
How is induction of hypnosis achieved?
IV Propofol
How is maintenance of hypnosis achieved?
Nitrous oxide/oxygen mix e.g. halothane
How is hypnosis reversed?
Change gas to 100% oxygen
How is muscle relaxation achieved?
Suxamethonium or atracurium
How is paralysis reversed?
Neostigmine + atropine (prevents muscarinic SEs)
How do epidurals work?
Catheter into epidural space in order to deliver local anaesthetic e.g. lidocaine/bupivacaine
What is the difference between epidural and spinal block?
Spinal block is into the CSF (sub-arachnoid/intra-thecal)
Epidural is outside the dura
Which is faster in onset: Epidural or spinal block?
Spinal block
Which uses a lower dose: Epidural or spinal block?
Spinal block
Which causes a quicker drop in BP: Epidural or spinal block?
Spinal block
What should you do when doing a spinal block and why?
Smaller needle- larger bores give a headache when piercing the dura
What is a complication of propofol?
Cardiorespiratory depression
What is a complication of intubation?
Oropharynx injury and oesophageal intubation (poor placement)
What is a complication of pain inhibition?
- Urinary retention
- Pressure wounds
- Nerve palsy
What is a complication of muscle relaxation?
No cough:
- Atelectasis (lung collapse) and pneumonia
What is malignant hyperpyrexia?
- Rare complication of halothane and suxamethonium
- Autosomal dominant inheritance
- Rapid rise in temp, masseter spasm
How is malignant hyperpyrexia treated?
- Dantrolene
- Cooling
What are the side effects of spinal/epidurals?
- Respiratory depression
- Neurogenic shock (BP drop)
What is step one in the pain ladder?
- Paracetamol or NSAIDs regularly e.g. QDS
What is step two in the pain ladder?
- Opioid + non-opioid
E.g. codeine + tramadol/paracetamol
What is co-codamol?
Codeine and paracetamol
What is step three in the pain ladder?
Morphine/fentanyl (and adjuvants)
