ANAPHY LEC Flashcards
(104 cards)
1
Q
_____________ is required for the body’s cells to synthesize the chemical energy molecule
A
Oxygen
2
Q
__________________ is a by-product of ATP production and must be removed from the blood
A
Carbon Dioxide
3
Q
Encloses the chamber for air respiration
A
External Nose
4
Q
is a cleaning, warming, and humidifying chamber for inspired air
A
Nasal Cavity
5
Q
is commonly called the the throat. It serves as a shared passageway for food and air
A
Pharynx
6
Q
is commonly known as the windpipe. Its rigid structure helps keep the airway constantly open, or patent
A
Trachea
7
Q
are tubes that direct air to the lungs
A
Bronchi
8
Q
is commonly known as the windpipe. It serves as an air-cleaning tube to funnel inspired air to the lungs
A
Trachea
9
Q
is a labyrinth of air tubes and a complex network of air sacs, called alveoli and capillaries
A
Lungs
10
Q
the movement of air in to and out of the lungs
A
Ventilation
11
Q
the diffusion of gases across cell membranes
A
Respiration
12
Q
movement of gases between atmospheric air in the lungs and the blood
A
External Respiration
13
Q
the movement of gases between the blood and the body’s cells
A
Internal Respiration
14
Q
includes structures from the nose to the larynx
A
Upper Respiratory Tract
15
Q
includes structures from the trachea through the alveoli in the lungs
A
Lower Respiratory Tract
16
Q
encompasses structures from the nose to the smallest air tubes within the lungs and is strictly for ventilation
A
Conducting Zone
17
Q
is solely within the lungs and includes some specialized small air tubes and the alveoli. This is where gas exchange also occurs
A
Respiratory Zone
18
Q
Carbon Dioxide and O2 travel in the blood to and from cells
A
Gas Transport
19
Q
5 Functions of Respiratory System
A
1.) Regulation of blood pH
2.) Production of Chemical Mediators
3.) Voice Production
4.) Olfaction
5.) Protection
20
Q
The anterior external openings of the nasal cavity
A
Nares or Nostrils
21
Q
Posterior openings in to the Pharynx
A
Choanae
22
Q
Separates the oral cavity in the mouth
A
Hard Palate
23
Q
The nasal cavity is divided into 2 parts. The two halves are separated by a wall called ________________
A
Nasal septum
24
Q
Turbinate Bones; help the air churn through the nasal cavity
A
Conchae
25
Tear drainage from the surface of the eye
Nasolacrimal Ducts
26
The inflammation of the mucous membrane of a sinus, especially one or more of the paranasal sinuses.
Sinusitis
27
5 Functions of Nasal Cavity
1.) Serves as a passageway of air
2.) Cleans the air
3.) Humidifies and warms the air
4.) Contains the olfactory epithelium
5.) Helps determine voice sounds
28
Is the opening of both digestive and the respiratory system, also known as the throat
Pharynx
29
3 regions of pharnyx
- Nasopharynx
- Oropharynx
- Laryngopharynx
30
The most superior portion of the pharnyx
Nasopharynx
31
An incomplete partition composed of muscle and connective tissue
Soft Palate
32
The posterior wall of the nasopharynx houses the __________________ or ____________
pharyngeal tonsil, adenoids
33
The continuation of the nasopharynx. It is immediately posterior to the mouth and begins at the soft palate.
Oropharynx
34
Two groups of tonsils that are located near the fauces
Palatine tonsils and Lingual tonsils
35
It spans the posterior length of the larynx: from the most superior larynx structure, the epiglottis, to the epiglottis, to esophagus.
Laryngopharynx
36
Located in the anterior part of the Laryngopharynx and extends from the base of the tongue to the trachea. AKA voice box
Larnyx
37
The 3 unpaired cartilages of the larynx
- Thyroid
- Cricoid
- Epiglottis
38
Largest of the cartilages. Single shield shaped piece of cartilage, aka Adams Apple
Thyroid Cartilage
39
Forms the base of the larynx. A single piece of cartilage upon the cartilage upon which the other cartilages rest.
Cricoid cartilage
40
A single piece of cartilage that is attached to the thyroid cartilage and projects superiorly. It is unique among the larynx cartilages because it is a freely movable flap and is constructed of elastic cartilage rather than hyaline cartilage. It helps divert food away from the trachea
Epiglottis
41
3 paired cartilages in the larynx
- Arytenoid
- Corniculate
- Cuneiform
42
2 ligaments of the Larynx
- Vocal folds
- Vestibular folds
43
Known as the false vocal cords, superior pair of ligaments.
Vestibular folds
44
Known as the True vocal cords, the inferior ligaments of the larynx
Vocal Folds
45
Inflammation of the vocal cords, this makes the person "lose" his/her voice
Laryngitis
46
The primary source of sound production
Vocal Folds
47
The trachea is reinforced with ________ C shaped pieces of hyaline cartilage.
15-20
48
C-shaped pieces of hyaline cartilage in the trachea are called
Tracheal Rings
49
The thickest portion of cartilage is at the ________________________________
Anterior wall of the Trachea
50
_________________ devoid of cartilage and contains an elastic ligamentous membrane and bundles of smooth muscle
Posterior wall of the trachea
51
Parts of the Upper respiratory tract
1.) External Nose
2.) Nasal Cavity
3.) Pharynx
4.) Larynx
52
Commonly known as the windpipe. Allows air to flow into the lungs
Trachea
53
Trachea divides into 2 smaller tubes called
Main bronchi or primary bronchi
54
The ridge of cartilage that divides the trachea into 2 main bronchi
Carina
55
Consists of the trachea and the network of air tubes in the lungs.
Tracheobronchial Tree
56
Arise directly from the main bronchi. C-shaped cartilages are replaced with cartilage plates
Lobar Bronchi or Secondary Bronchi
57
Supply subdivisions within each lung lobe, which are bronchopulmonary segments.
Segmental Bronchi or Tertiary Bronchi
58
As the bronchi become smaller, the ________________ becomes sparse, and _______________ becomes abundant
Cartilage, Smooth muscle
59
The continued branching of the segmental bronchi, it is less than 1mm in diameter and has less cartilage and more smooth muscle
Bronchioles
60
Arise from several subdivisions of bronchioles. It has no cartilage in its walls, but smooth muscle layer is prominent
Terminal Bronchioles
61
Occurs when the smooth muscle relaxes, making the bronchiole diameter larger.
Bronchodilation
62
Occurs when smooth muscle contracts, making the bronchiole diameter smaller.
Bronchoconstriction
63
Is severe bronchodilation
Asthma attack
64
Medication to counteract asthma attacks
Albuterol
65
Are small, air filled chambers where the air and the blood come into close contact with each other.
Alveoli
66
Have a few attached alveoli. Can divide to increase the number of attached alveoli
Respiratory Bronchioles
67
Arise from respiratory bronchioles. Are like long, branching hallways with many open doorways.
Alveolar Ducts
68
Chambers connected to two or more alveoli at the end of an alveolar duct.
Alveolar Sacs
69
Two types of cells from the alveolar wall.
(1) Squamous Epithelial cells
(2) surfactant-secreting cells
70
Thin squamous epithelial cells form __ of the alveolar surface.
90%
71
The alveolar walls and surrounding pulmonary capillaries form the ________________ in the lungs.
respiratory membrane
72
The general respiratory membrane components:
1. The alveolar cell layer
2. An interstitial space between the alveolar layer and the capillary layer.
3. The capillary endothelial layer.
73
Individual layers of the respiratory membrane. (6 individual layers)
1. A thin layer of alveolar fluid
2. The alveolar epithelium
3. Basement membrane of the alveolar epithelium
4. Thin interstitial space
5. Basement membrane of the capillary endothelium
6. Capillary endothelium
74
Thoracic wall consists of:
1. Thoracic vertebrae
2. Ribs
3. Costal cartilages
4. Sternum
5. Associated muscles
75
The ____________ is the space enclosed by the thoracic wall and the _____________.
thoracic cavity; diaphragm
76
Primary organs of respiration
Lungs
77
Each lung is __________ in shape
conical
78
Portion of the lungs in contact with the diaphragm
Base
79
the portion of the lungs that extends above the clavicle
Apex
80
is the indentation on the medial surface of the lungs
Hilum
81
all the structures passing through the hilum are referred to as the ______________________
root of the lung
82
large section in the lungs
Lobes (3 Right, 2 Left)
83
the lung lobes are separated by deep, prominent _____________ in the surface of the lung, the medial indentation in the left lung, this structure provides structural arrangement provides room for the heart to lie between the lungs
Fissures
84
the lung lobes are further subdivided into
bronchopulmonary segments
85
bronchopulmonary segments that are subdivided into
Lobules
86
the 2 lymphatic supplies of the lungs
- Superficial lymphatic vessels
- Deep lymphatic vessels
87
superficial lymphatic vessels are deep to connective tissue that surrounds each lung ____________
Visceral Pleura
88
These vessels drain lymph from the superficial lung tissue and the visceral pleura
Superficial lymphatic vessels
89
these vessels drain lymph from the bronchi and associated connective tissue
Deep lymphatic vessels
90
act to increase the volume of the thoracic cavity
muscle of inspiration
91
Muscles included in the muscles of inspiration
1.) Diaphragm
2.) External Intercostals
3.) Pectoralis Minor
4.) Scalene Muscles
92
muscles included in the muscles of expiration
1.) Internal Intercostals
2.) Transverse thoracis w/ the help of abdominal muscles
93
the relationship between pressure and volume is an _________________________
inverse
94
is the process of measuring volume of air that move into and out of the respiratory system
Spirometry
95
the device used to measure these pulmonary volumes
Spirometer
96
the normal value of air inspired and expired with each breath.
Tidal volume (apx 500mL)
97
the amount of air that can be forcefully expired after a normal expiration
Expiratory reserve volume (apx 1100mL)
98
limits the depth of inspiration and prevents overinflation of the lungs
Hering-Breuer reflex
99
the highest level of exercise that can be performed without causing a significant change in blood PH
Anaerobic Exercise
100
part of the brain that controls the respiratory rate
Medulla Oblongata
101
believed to establish the basic rhythm of respiration
pre-Botzinger complex
102
formerly known as the pneumotaxic center, is a collection of neurons in in the pons that helps regulate respiration rate
Poutine Respiratory group
103
factors affecting gas diffusion
1.) Membrane thickness
2.) Membrane surface area
3.) Partial pressure of gases
104
Forms a longitudinal column of cells in the dorsal part of each half of the medulla oblongata
Dorsal Respiratory Group
