ANAPHYLAB M2 Flashcards
(65 cards)
1
Q
- A process in which a cell splits into two new cells to reproduce:
A
CELL DIVISION
2
Q
cells of the body other than
reproductive cells
A
SOMATIC CELLS
3
Q
reproductive cells
A
GAMETES/GERM CELLS
4
Q
- the process in which cells grow and divide
A
CELL CYCLE
5
Q
The cell is preparing
A
INTERPHASE
6
Q
The cell is metabolically active, grows physically and replicates organelles and others
A
G1 PHASE
7
Q
DNA is replicated to produce 2 sister chromatids and replicates its nucleosomes
A
S PHASE
8
Q
Involves further cell growth, protein synthesis and centrosomes are completed
A
G2 PHASE
9
Q
- phase where the cell is inactive (e.g. nerve cells)
A
G0
10
Q
- Nucleolus disintegrate
- Chromatin condenses into chromosomes
- Formation of mitotic spindles made up of microtubules
A
PROPHASE
11
Q
connects the pair of chromatids
which makes up the chromosomes
A
CENTROMERE
12
Q
connects to the centromere and
links the chromosomes to microtubules
A
KINETOCHORE
13
Q
Alignment of the chromosomes in the middle (equatorial plate)
A
METAPHASE
14
Q
Centromeres are split and move to the opposite sides
A
ANAPHASE
15
Q
- Nuclear envelopes form
- Chromosomes uncoil into chromatins
- Formation of 2 nuclei
A
TELOPHASE
16
Q
- Cytoplasm division
- Occurs either at late anaphase or at telophase
- In Animals: formation of cleavage furrow through contractile ring
- In Plants: formation of cell plate
A
CYTOKINESIS
17
Q
Uncontrollable cell growth; formation of abnormal cells
A
CANCER
18
Q
- aka Neoplasm
- Excessive tissue formed
A
TUMOR
19
Q
- study that deals with cancerous
cells/tumors
A
ONCOLOGY
20
Q
tumors that undergo metastasis
A
MALIGNANT
21
Q
- tumors that do not undergo metastasis (e.g. skin tags)
A
BENIGN
22
Q
spreading to other parts of the body
A
METASTASIS
23
Q
tumors form new blood vessels
A
ANGIOGENESIS
24
Q
- malignant tumors that come from
epithelial cells
A
CARCINOMAS
25
skin cancer
melanoma
26
- muscle or connective tissues cancer
sarcoma
27
bones cancer
OSTEOGENIC SARCOMA
28
bone marrow cancer
LEUKEMIA
29
lymphatic tissue
lymphoma
30
- Plasma membrane that covers the entire cell
- Made up of: Phospholipid bilayer, Proteins (55%) and cholesterol
CELL MEMBRANE
31
- Difference in the concentration of a chemical from one place to another (inside to outside)
CONCENTRATION GRADIENT
32
- Difference in the electrical charges between two regions
ELECTRICAL GRADIENT
33
term for the charge difference
MEMBRANE POTENTIAL
34
Combined influence of the concentration gradient and electrical gradient on the movement of an ion
ELECTROCHEMICAL GRADIENT
35
Substances move down or with their concentration or electrical gradient without the use of ATP
PASSIVE TRANSPORT
36
random mixing of particles in a solution due to their kinetic energy
- Higher to lower solute concentration
DIFFUSION
37
- substances move freely without
the help of transport proteins
SIMPLE DIFFUSION
38
- an integral membrane protein (channel or carrier) assists a specific substance
FACILITATED DIFFUSION
39
through membrane channels (mostly ion channels) that allow passage of small, inorganic ions
CHANNEL-MEDIATED FACILITATED DIFFUSION
40
continuously allow the passage of ions
LEAK CHANNELS
41
- limits the movement of ions by opening/closing the pore by changing shape
GATED CHANNELS
42
● A carrier/transporter that changes shape
● Similarities with the Active Transport: transport maximum and saturation
CARRIER-MEDIATED FACILITATED DIFFUSION
43
Diffusion of water from an area of higher to lower water concentration; or from an area of lower to higher solute concentration
- Only takes place when a membrane is permeable
to water but impermeable to specific solutes
OSMOSIS
44
integral membrane proteins act as
water channels
AQUAPORINS
45
A solution that can change the volume by changing its water content
TONICITY
46
- Solution with higher solute concentration and water moves out from the cells
- Causes cell shrinking or crenation
HYPERTONIC
47
- Solution with lower solute concentration and water moves into the cell
- Causes cell bursting/rupture/lysis
HYPOTONIC
48
- Same concentration on both sides of the membrane
ISOTONIC
49
- Requires cellular energy in the form of ATP
- ATP is used to move substances against its gradient
ACTIVE PROCESS
50
- Hydrolysis of ATP changes the shape of a carrier protein which pumps a substance across the membrane against its concentration gradient
- Uses ATP ase
PRIMARY ACTIVE TRANSPORT
51
- The energy stored in an ionic concentration gradient is used (e.g. Sodium)
- Indirectly uses energy obtained from the hydrolysis of ATP
SECONDARY ACTIVE TRANSPORT
52
move two substances in the same
direction
SYMPORTERS
53
opposite directions
ANTIPORTERS
54
materials move into the cell in a
vesicle formed from the plasma membrane
ENDOCYTOSIS
55
highly selective; imparts materials that are needed by cells
RECEPTOR-MEDIATED ENDOCYTOSIS
56
- aka cell eating
- Phagocytes (s.g. WBCs) engulfs bacteria or viruses
PHAGOCYTOSIS
57
- pinocytosis, aka cell drinking
- Extracellular fluid is taken up
BULK-PHASE ENDOCYTOSIS
58
- material moves out of the cell by
fusion from the plasma membrane
EXOCYTOSIS
59
RBCs are destroyed in ________
hypertonic or hypotonic solutions
60
Hypertonic = ? (too much sodium)
● Hypotonic = ? (too little
sodium)
cerebral edema; dehydrated individuals
61
- a drug given to patients with heart failure; slows the action of sodium-potassium pumps
DIGITALIS OR DIGOXIN
62
- Genetic disorder that affects the active transport of chloride ions into cells
- Causes less water to move into the tubes
- Causes the tubes to become clogged with mucus
CYSTIC FIBROSIS
63
HIV and the CD4+ (T helper cell)
VIRUSES AND RECEPTOR-MEDIATED
ENDOCYTOSIS
64
Lung disease the damages the walls of air sacs (alveoli) of the lungs
EMPHYSEMA
65
have large surface area for the diffusion of O2 from air into blood
ALVEOLI
