Anatomical terms and Bones

Question 1

Structures that lie close to the body

Answer 1

Proximal

Question 2

Structures that are further from the body

Answer 2

Distal

Question 3

Structures that lie towards the head

Answer 3

Cranial

Question 4

Structures that lie towards the tail

Answer 4

Caudal

Question 5

Structures/positions that lie towarsd the back (dorsum) of the trunk/head/tail

Answer 5

Dorsal

Question 6

Structures that lie towards the belly

Answer 6

Ventral

Question 7

What words describe the directions on the proximal (Above the carpal and hock) part of the legs

Answer 7

Cranial and Caudal

Question 8

What words describe the direction on the forelimb that is dital to the carpal joint

Answer 8

Dorsal and Palmar

Question 9

What words describe the directions on the hindlimb distal to the hock joint

Answer 9

Dorsal and Plantar

Question 10

Structures that lie towards the middle of the animal

Answer 10

Medial Structures

Question 11

Structures that lie towards the side of the animal

Answer 11

Lateral structures

Question 12

Structure towards the axis of the limb (lies between the 3rd and 4th digits (1st digit in dog is essentially absent*)

Answer 12

Axial

Question 13

Structure that lie away from the axis of the limb

Answer 13

Abaxial

Question 14

ON THE HEAD: structures toward the muzzle

Answer 14

Rostral

Question 15

On the Head: structures that are away form the mouth

Answer 15

Aboral

Rather than Cranial

Question 16

Plane that divides the trunk and/or head into right and left halves (symmetrical)

Answer 16

Medial plane

Question 17

Plane parallel to the median plane when talking about the head and or trunk

Answer 17

Paramedian or Sagittal

Question 18

Planes that pass through any body part perpendicular to the parts long axis

Long axis could mean medial plane

Answer 18

Transverse plane

Question 19

planes that run parallel to the dorsal surface

Answer 19

Dorsal Planes

Question 20

label

Answer 20

Question 21

Muscle/joint action that increases the angle formed by a hinge joint

Answer 21

Extend

Question 22

muscle/joint action that decreases the angle formed by a hinge joint

Answer 22

Flex

Question 23

Muscle/joint action that moves the limb away from the body (Midline)

Answer 23

Abduct

Question 24

Muscle/joint action that moves the limb towards the body (midline)

Answer 24

adduct

Question 25

Muscle/joint action that rotates the thoracic limb so the dorsum of the manus is turned laterally (outwards rotation is preferred for the pelvic limb)

Answer 25

Supinate

Question 26

Muscle/Joint action that rotates the thoracic limb so the dorsum of the manus is turned medially (Inwards rotation is preferred for the pelvic limb)

Answer 26

Pronate

Question 27

Anatomy of the bone that is classified as a **Tube** of solid bone

Answer 27

Cortex

Question 28

Anatomy of the bone that is classified as the central cavity filled with bone marrow | Filled with fat in older animals

Answer 28

Medulla

Question 29

The anatomy of the bone that is classified as the diaphysis | the central part of a long bone

Answer 29

Shaft

Question 30

The anatomy of a bone that is classified as metaphysis | The flared region adjacent to the Epiphysis

Answer 30

Ends

Question 31

The anatomy of a bone that is classified as the rounded end

Answer 31

epiphysis

Question 32

The compact region of a bone

Answer 32

Cortical Bone

Question 33

The trabecular, spongy region of a bone

Answer 33

cancellous

Question 34

number of bones in the trunk | vertebral column, ribs, sternum and skull

Answer 34

134

Question 35

Number of bones in the limbs | shoulder and pelvic limb

Answer 35

186

Question 36

number of visceral bones | male only

Answer 36

1

Question 37

total number of bones | Male dog

Answer 37

321

Question 38

The bones forming the axis or centre of the animal | bones of the head, neck, vertebral column, ribs, pelvis and tail

Answer 38

Axial Skeleton

Question 39

Regions of the skeleton that are attached to the axial skeleton

Answer 39

bones of the forelimbs and hindlimbs

Question 40

visceral bones

Answer 40

Bones that develop in the soft tissues, away from the rest of the skeleton | only 2: Os Penis in the dog/cat & Os cordis in the heart of ruminants

Question 41

When bones ossify (Develop) from a cartilage precursor

Answer 41

Chondral ossification | Most limb bones do this

Question 42

When bones ossify (develop) from mesenchymal cells

Answer 42

membranous ossification | the scapula and most skull bones do this

Question 43

Where do you find bones that develop via Chondral ossification and how are the often seen failing/fractured | 2

Answer 43

- found in load bearing areas - often have specific fail/fracture configurations

Question 44

Where do you find bones that have developed via membranous ossification and how do they fail | 2

Answer 44

- found in non load bearing areas - often seen fracturing in a configuration similar to a pebble on a sheet of ice

Question 45

Classification of Long bones | 3

Answer 45

- cylindrical shape - main part of bone is a column providing strength, expanded ends providing transfer of load - Resist compression when loaded, act as levers and resist tension during muscle contraction ex: humerus, femur, radius, tibia

Question 46

Classifications of short bones | 3

Answer 46

- many sides, similar dimensions throughout (length, breadth, heigth) - found in groups of bones that act to transmit and disseminate forces through joints (distribute weight and force more evenly and reduce concussive forces) - One surface is always non-articular for ligament attachment and vasculature | ex: carpal and tarsal bones

Question 47

Classification of irregular bones | 2

Answer 47

- have an irregular shape - usually have various jutting processes for muscle and ligament attachment | most typical ex: vertebral bones

Question 48

Classifications of flat bones | 2

Answer 48

- thin, flat bones - act as attachments for soft tissues, and protect underlying tissues | ex: bones of the skull, scapula, pelvis and ribs

Question 49

Classifications of Pneumatic bones | 1

Answer 49

- Bones which contain air spaces | ex: the flat bones of the skull that form paranasal sinuses

Question 50

Classifications of sesamoid bones | 4

Answer 50

- function is to provide additionsal strength and reduce wear over joints - protect tendon over a bony prominence (Navicular bone in horse) - redirect course of a tendon (Patella) - weight bearing functions (Equine fetlock)