Anatomy

Question 1

Is a horse’s stomach monogastric?

Answer 1

(Yes)

Question 2

The fundus or saccus cecus in horses is related to the base of what other organ?

Answer 2

(Spleen)

Question 3

What does the margo plicatus demarcate in the stomach?

Answer 3

(Non-glandular from glandular)

Question 4

A unique feature of horses is that the deep leaf of the greater omentum attaches to which organ?

Answer 4

(Transverse colon)

Question 5

What are the two ligaments that form the suspensory ligament of the spleen?

Answer 5

(Phrenicosplenic and nephrosplenic ligaments)

Question 6

What is the significance of the nephrosplenic space? Be specific.

Answer 6

(Site for left colon entrapment)

Question 7

Which of the lobes of the liver in equine is undivided?

Answer 7

(Right)

Question 8

Do horses have a papillary process of their caudate liver lobe?

Answer 8

(No)

Question 9

Is the liver located mostly to the right or left in horses?

Answer 9

(Right)

Question 10

Why do horses not have a gallbladder?

Answer 10

(Bc they are continuous grazers, bile is formed by the liver and directly secreted into the small intestines)

Question 11

Why is it difficult to obtain a liver biopsy in horses?

Answer 11

(It is entirely within the thoracic cage and completely over-lapped by the lungs)

Question 12

The caudate lobe of the liver is connected to what organ, be specific, by the hepatorenal ligament?

Answer 12

(Right kidney)

Question 13

In a horse, the repeated compression of the right lobe of the liver by what organ leads to pressure atrophy?

Answer 13

(Right dorsal colon)

Question 14

Liver biopsies in equine patients are taken on the right side by drawing two lines originating at what structure and terminating at the olecranon and point of the shoulder?

Answer 14

(Lines originate at the tuber coxae)

Question 15

What is the purpose of the perforation in the pancreas in horses?

Answer 15

(Aka the portal ring, the portal vein runs through it)

Question 16

What is the term for the cavity located within the major duodenal papilla that the bile and pancreatic ducts open into?

Answer 16

(Hepatopancreatic ampulla)

Question 17

What is the location (left vs right, ventral vs dorsal) of the jejunum in an equine patient?

Answer 17

(Left dorsal)

Question 18

What organ does the ileum open into in horses?

Answer 18

(Cecum)

Question 19

When the jejunum enters the omental bursa via the epiploic foramen, what type of epiploic entrapment is this?

Answer 19

(Antegrade)

Question 20

When the jejunum pushes the greater omentum in front of it as it passes through the epiploic foramen, what type of epiploic entrapment is this?

Answer 20

(Retrograde)

Question 21

The base of the cecum is partly in the right or left paralumbar fossa of a horse?

Answer 21

(Right)

Question 22

What is the ventral band or taeniae of the cecum attached to?

Answer 22

(Nothing)

Question 23

What is the dorsal band or taeniae of the cecum attached to?

Answer 23

(The ileum via the ileocecal fold)

Question 24

What is the lateral/right band or taeniae of the cecum attached to?

Answer 24

(The right ventral colon via the cecocolic fold)

Question 25

What are the three flexures of the equine ascending colon going from cecum to descending colon?

Answer 25

(Sternal, pelvic, and diaphragmatic flexure)

Question 26

The equine transverse colon is tightly bound to the ventral or dorsal body wall by the transverse mesocolon?

Answer 26

(Dorsal body wall)

Question 27

When you open the linea alba in a laparotomy of an equine patient, the structures you see should be smooth or sacculated?

Answer 27

(Sacculated)

Question 28

What are the five locations that are potential points of obstruction in equine small and large intestines?

Answer 28

(Ileocecal orifice, cecocolic orifice, pelvic flexure, diaphragmatic flexure, and the junction between the ascending and transverse colon)

Question 29

What are the three branches of the celiac artery in horses?

Answer 29

(Left gastric, hepatic, and splenic arteries)

Question 30

What does the colic branch of the ileocolic artery (a branch of the cranial mesenteric artery) supply in horses?

Answer 30

(Ascending colon near the cecum → ventral ascending colon)

Question 31

What does the right colic artery of the ileocolic artery (a branch of the cranial mesenteric artery) supply?

Answer 31

(Ascending colon away from the cecum → dorsal ascending colon)

Question 32

What is the parasitic culprit involved in equine verminous arteritis?

Answer 32

(Strongylus vulgaris)

Question 33

The middle colic artery supplies the transverse colon, what is it a branch of?

Answer 33

(Ileocolic artery)

Question 34

Which of the equine kidneys is heart shaped?

Answer 34

(Right)

Question 35

Where are the equine renal mucus glands, which are responsible for the cloudy, frothy appearance of equine urine, located in the kidney?

Answer 35

(Renal pelvis and proximal ureters)

Question 36

What are the three non-glandular chambers of the ruminant stomach?

Answer 36

(Rumen, reticulum, and omasum)

Question 37

What is the one glandular chamber of the ruminant stomach?

Answer 37

(Abomasum)

Question 38

Which of the cow stomach chambers is most cranial?

Answer 38

(Reticulum)

Question 39

Which of the adult cow stomach chambers does food enter first?

Answer 39

(Rumen)

Question 40

What is the term for the space formed by the ruminal right longitudinal groove and the right accessory groove?

Answer 40

(Ruminal island)

Question 41

What is the name for the sac that is the most cranial portion of the rumen and that is formed by the ruminoreticular groove and the cranial groove?

Answer 41

(Ruminal atrium or cranial dorsal blind sac)

Question 42

What are the internal structures that correspond to the external ruminal grooves?

Answer 42

(The ruminal pillars)

Question 43

What is the term for the opening between the dorsal and ventral ruminal sacs?

Answer 43

(Intraruminal ostium)

Question 44

What is the function of the ruminal papillae?

Answer 44

(To absorb volatile fatty acids and keep the rumen pH neutral)

Question 45

Are there ruminal papillae present on the roof or pillars of the rumen?

Answer 45

(No)

Question 46

What is the difference between the caudal blind sacs in large and small ruminants?

Answer 46

(Large - equal size caudal sacs, small - dorsal sac is much smaller than ventral)

Question 47

What are the three openings of the reticulum?

Answer 47

(Cardiac opening, ruminoreticular opening, and reticulo-omasal opening)

Question 48

Does milk ingested by calves ever reach the rumen normally?

Answer 48

(No, goes directly to abomasum via the gastric groove)

Question 49

Where is the rumen accessed in a rumenotomy?

Answer 49

(Left paralumbar fossa)

Question 50

Why is traumatic reticulopericarditis less likely to occur in small ruminants?

Answer 50

(Selective grazers → they do not vacuum the ground as cattle do)

Question 51

Is the omasum covered by lesser or greater omentum?

Answer 51

(Lesser)

Question 52

Is the omasum larger or smaller than the reticulum in small ruminants?

Answer 52

(Smaller)

Question 53

Are there laminae or papillae in the omasum?

Answer 53

(Both - papillated laminae)

Question 54

Are the primary laminae the longest or shortest laminae in the omasum?

Answer 54

(Longest)

Question 55

Are there laminae or papillae in the abomasum?

Answer 55

(Laminae only)

Question 56

What is the purpose of the torus pyloricus?

Answer 56

(To make up for the incomplete pylorus in ruminants)

Question 57

What is the term for the valve formed by the two folds at the omasoabomasal orifice?

Answer 57

(Vela abomascia)

Question 58

Where does the superficial leaf of the greater omentum attach to the ruminant stomach?

Answer 58

(The left longitudinal groove)

Question 59

Where does the deep leaf of the greater omentum attach to the ruminant stomach?

Answer 59

(The right longitudinal groove)

Question 60

Which vagal trunk provides parasympathetic innervation to the rumen?

Answer 60

(Dorsal vagal trunk)

Question 61

What are the three parts of the gastric groove?

Answer 61

(Reticular, omasal, and abomasal)

Question 62

How are hemal nodes distinguished from lymph nodes?

Answer 62

(By their dark brown color)

Question 63

(T/F) The left lobe of the liver is dorsal while the right lobe of the liver is ventral in ruminants.

Answer 63

(F)

Question 64

(T/F) The main pancreatic duct in cattle is the accessory pancreatic duct which opens into the major duodenal papilla.

Answer 64

(F, minor papilla)

Question 65

(T/F) The pancreatic duct opens into the major duodenal papilla along with the bile duct in small ruminants.

Answer 65

(T)

Question 66

What are the three parts of the ascending colon in ruminants?

Answer 66

(Proximal loop, spiral loop, and distal loop)

Question 67

The spiral loop is located on the left or the right of the mesojejunum in cattle?

Answer 67

(Left)

Question 68

(T/F) Cattle do not have a renal pelvis nor a renal crest.

Answer 68

(T)

Question 69

What is the unique projection of the pig stomach?

Answer 69

(Diverticulum ventriculi)

Question 70

Do pigs and camels have a torus pyloricus like cows?

Answer 70

(Yes)

Question 71

Does the liver contact the kidney in pigs?

Answer 71

(No)

Question 72

Do pigs have a papillary process?

Answer 72

(No)

Question 73

What is the clinical significance of the well-developed fibrous tissue of the porcine liver?

Answer 73

(FNA is impossible)

Question 74

The porcine jejunum lies on the left or right of the midline, as it is displaced by the ascending colon to that side?

Answer 74

(Right)

Question 75

In which flank, left or right, is the cecum located in pigs?

Answer 75

(Left)

Question 76

How many taenia does the porcine cecum have?

Answer 76

(Three)

Question 77

Of the centripetal and centrifugal gyri of the spiral ascending colon in pigs, which is sacculated due to having 2 teniae?

Answer 77

(Centripetal)

Question 78

(T/F) Pigs have no proximal loop of their colon, no distal loop of their colon, and no sigmoid loop of their colon.

Answer 78

(T)

Question 79

(T/F) The kidneys in pigs are symmetrical in the body.

Answer 79

(T)

Question 80

(T/F) Bovine patients do not have a renal pelvis.

Answer 80

(T)

Question 81

What are the two sacs of the rumen in camelids?

Answer 81

(Cranioventral and caudodorsal sacs)

Question 82

What is the outward equivalent of the intraluminal glandular regions of C1 in camels?

Answer 82

(Saccular regions)

Question 83

Do camels have a gallbladder?

Answer 83

(No)