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Gastrointestinal > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the foregut.

A

Oesophagus to mid-duodenum, liver, gallbladder, spleen, 1/2 pancreas

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2
Q

Describe the midgut.

A

Mid-duodenum to proximal 2/3 transverse colon, 1/2 pancreas

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3
Q

Describe the hindgut.

A

Distal 1/3 of the transverse colon to proximal 1/2 anal canal

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4
Q

Muscle guarding tends to occur in what?

A

peritonitis

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5
Q

What is the peritoneum?

A

A thin, transparent, semi-permeable, serous membrane that lines the walls of the abdominopelvic cavity and organs

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6
Q

What will blood, pus or faeces in the peritoneal cavity cause?

A

peritonitis

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7
Q

what is peritonitis?

A

painful inflammation of the peritoneum

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8
Q

what is the function of the lubricating fluid secreted by the peritoneum?

A

free movement

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9
Q

what type of organ is the liver?

A

intraperitoneal

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10
Q

what type of organ is the pancreas?

A

retroperitoneal

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11
Q

what type of organs are the kidneys?

A

retroperitoneal

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12
Q

What does intraperitoneal mean?

A

Organ is almost completely covered in visceral peritoneum

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13
Q

What does retroperitoneal mean?

A

Organ only has visceral peritoneum on its anterior surface

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14
Q

What attaches the liver to the anterior abdominal wall?

A

falciform ligament

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15
Q

Which omentum hangs from the greater curvature of the stomach like an apron?

A

greater omentum

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16
Q

Which omentum comes from the lesser curvature of the stomach and attaches to the liver?

A

lesser omentum

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17
Q

what is an omentum?

A

a condensation of peritoneum that attaches organs to each other or the abdominal wall

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18
Q

The greater and lesser sac communicate through what?

A

the omental foramen

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19
Q

Where do the portal triad lie?

A

in the free edge of the lesser omentum

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20
Q

What does the portal triad consist of?

A

hepatic artery, hepatic portal vein and the common biliary ducts

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21
Q

What is the name of the peritoneal pouch found in a male?

A

rectovesical pouch

sits between the rectum and the bladder

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22
Q

What are the names of the peritoneal pouches found in a female?

A

uterovesical pouch
(sits between the uterus and the bladder),
rectouterine
(sits between the rectum and the uterus)

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23
Q

What is the pouch of douglas also known as?

A

the rectouterine pouch

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24
Q

which peritoneal pouch is the lowest part of the peritoneum in a standing female?

A

rectouterine pouch (aka pouch of douglas)

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25
Q

excess fluid within the abdominal caivty is known as what?

A

ascites

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26
Q

how can ascitic fluid be drained from the peritoneal cavity?

A

paracentesis or abdominocentesis

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27
Q

dring paracentesis where must the needle be placed and why?

A

lateral to the rectus sheath to avoid the inferior epigastric artery

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28
Q

where does the inferior epigastric artery lie?

A

deep to the rectus abdominis

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29
Q

From which artery does the inferior epigastric artery arise from?

A

external iliac

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30
Q

where is the external iliac artery?

A

just medial to the deep inguinal ring

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31
Q

GI obstruction could be present as what type of pain and why?

A

colicky pain- peristalsis comes in waves

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32
Q

What is the extensive network of nerves found within the walls of the GI tract called? (These can bring about peristalsis)

A

enteric nervous system

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33
Q

Where are the prevertebral ganglia that abdominopelvis splanchnic nerves synapse at?

A

anterior surface to the descending aorta

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34
Q

abdominopelvic splanchnic nerves leave the spinal cord between which levels?

A

T5 and L2

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35
Q

postsynaptic sympathietic nerve fibres pass from the prevertebral ganglia and go where?

A

onto the periarterial plexuses on the surface of the branches leaving the abdominal aorta

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36
Q

What types of nerves are periartrial plexuses made of?

A

sympathetic, parasympathetic visceral afferent

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37
Q

how do nerves get from the periarterial plexus to abdominal organs?

A

‘hitch a ride’ with the arteries towards the smooth muscle and glands of organ

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38
Q

The sympathetic nerve fibres for the adrenal gland leave the spinal cord at what levels?

A

T10-L1

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39
Q

Presynaptic parasympathetic nerve fibres enter the abdominal cavity where?

A

on the surface of the oesophagus

(vagus nerve goes through the diaphragm with the oesophagus(

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40
Q

Vagus nerve supplies what abdominal organs?

A

oesophagus to distal end of the transverse colon

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41
Q

Pelvic splanchnic nerves are what kind of nerves?

A

presynaptic parasympathetic nerve fibres

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42
Q

what levels of the vertebra do pelvic splanchnic nerves come from?

A

S2-S4

sacral output

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43
Q

What abdominal organs do the pevic splanchnic nerves supply?

A

descending colon to anal canal

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44
Q

visceral afferent fibres of the foregut enter the vertebra at what levels?

A

T6-T9

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45
Q

visceral afferent fibres of the midgut enter the vertebra at what levels?

A

T8-T12

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46
Q

visceral afferent fibres of the hindgut enter the vertebra at what levels?

A

T10-T12

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47
Q

what does the iliohypogastric nerve supply?

A

some body wall areas of the ileum and the hypochondrium

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48
Q

what does the ilioinguinal nerve supply?

A

some ileal and inguinal body wall

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49
Q

what are thoracoabdominal nerves?

A

somatic motor, somatic sensory and sympathetic nerve fibres that supply the abdominal body wall.

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50
Q

from what vertebral level do the thoracoabdominal nerves leave/enter the vertebra?

A

T7-T11

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51
Q

what joint does jaw opening occur at?

A

temperomandibular joint

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52
Q

what are the 3 pairs of jaw-closing muscles?

A

Masseter
Temporalis
Medial Pterygoid

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53
Q

What is 1 the pair of jaw-opening muscles?

A

lateral pterygoid

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54
Q

What cranial nerve supplies jaw-opening and jaw-closing muscles?

A

the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve (CN V3)

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55
Q

Where is the masseter muscle?

A

angle of mandible to zygomatic arch

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56
Q

Where is the temporalis muscle?

A

coronoid process of mandible to temporal fossa

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57
Q

Where is the medial pterygoid?

A

medial angle of the mandible to pterygoid plates of sphenoid bone

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58
Q

Where is the lateral pterygoid?

A

condyle of mandible to pterygoid plates of sphenoid bone

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59
Q

Where does the third branch (mandible branch) of the trigeminal nerve (CN V3) leave/enter the cranium?

A

Foramen ovale

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60
Q

Where does the third branch (mandible branch) of the trigeminal nerve (CN V3) leave/enter the CNS?

A

the pons

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61
Q

What are the lymph nodes that the general population refer to as tonsils called?

A

palatine tonsils

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62
Q

What nerve supplies all sensation (ie general AND taste) to the posterior 1/3 of the tongue?

A

glossopharyngeal (CN IX)

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63
Q

What nerves supply general sensation and special taste to the anterior 2/3 of the tongue?

A

General sensation- mandibular branch of the trigeminal (CN V3)

Special ‘taste’ sensation- facial nerve (CN VII)

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64
Q

In the inferior half of the oral cavity, what nerve supplies general sensation to the gingiva and floor of the mouth?

A

mandibular branch of the trigeminal (CN V3)

[inferior half of the oral cavity is in the mandible]

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65
Q

In the superior half of the oral cavity, wht nerve supplies general sensation to the gingiva and palate?

A

maxillary branch of the trigeminal (CN V2)

[superior half of the oral cavity is in the maxilla]

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66
Q

The sensory part of the gag reflex in the oropharynx is carried by what nerve?

A

glossopharyngeal (CN IX)

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67
Q

The motor part of the gag reflex in the oropharynx is carried by what nerves?

A

glossopharyngeal (CN IX) and vagus (CN X)

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68
Q

Spraying a local anaesthetic will numb the area ready for an endoscope by blocking sensory action potentials in what 4 nerves?

A
  1. maxillary branch of the trigeminal (CN V2)
  2. mandibular branch of the trigeminal (CN V3)
  3. facial (CN VII)
  4. glossopharyngeal (CN IX)
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69
Q

Where does the second branch (maxillary branch) of the trigeminal nerve (CN V2) enter/leave the cranium?

A

foramen rotundum

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70
Q

Where does the second branch (maxillary branch) of the trigeminal nerve (CN V2) enter/leave the CNS?

A

pons

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71
Q

The facial nerve enters/exits the crainum in what 2 foramina?

A
  1. internal acoustic meatus

2. stylomastoid foramen

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72
Q

What branch of what cranial nerve provides special sensory taste to the anterior 2/3 of the tongue?

A

The chorda tympani branch of the facial nerve (CN VII)

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73
Q

What branch of what cranial nerve provides parasympathetic secretomotor to submandibular and sublingual salivary glands?

A

the chorda tympani branch of the facial nerve (CN VII)

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74
Q

Where does the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX) enter the cranium?

A

jugular foramen

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75
Q

Where does the facial nerve (CN VII) enter the CNS?

A

at the junction of the pons at the medulla

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76
Q

Where does the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX) enter the CNS?

A

at the medulla

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77
Q

What nerve provides parasympathetic secretomotor stimulation to the parotid salivary glands?

A

glossopharyngeal (CN IX)

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78
Q

What are the three pairs of salivary glands?

A
  1. parotid
  2. submandibular
  3. sublingual
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79
Q

where does the parotid gland release its salivary fluid?

A

opposite the 2nd upper molar

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80
Q

Where are the sublingual glands?

A

under the tongue

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81
Q

What are the 4 pairs of extrinsic tongue skeletal muscles?

A
  1. genioglossus
  2. palatoglossus
  3. styloglossus
  4. hyoglossus
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82
Q

What do the extrinsic tongue skeletal muscles do?

A

suspend tongue in ora cavity,

move tongue around during mastication, swallowing and speech

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83
Q

Where are the intrinsic tongue skeletal muscles located?

A

dorsal and posterior tongue

originate and insert within the tongue

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84
Q

What do the intrinsic tongue skeletal muscles do?

A

Modify the shape of the tongue during function

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85
Q

What nerve supplies the extrinsic and intrinsic skeletal muscles of the tongue? (except the palatoglossus)

A

hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)

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86
Q

Where does the hypoglossal nerve (CN XII) enter/exit the cranium?

A

hypoglossal canal

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87
Q

Where does the hypoglossal nerve (CN XII) enter/exit the CNS?

A

medulla

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88
Q

What are the two functions of the inner longitudinal layer of muscles of the pharynx?

A
  1. contract during swallowing to shorten the pharynx

2. relax the larynx to close the laryngeal inlet

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89
Q

What cranial nerves supply the inner longitudinal layer of muscles of the pharynx?

A

glossopharyngeal (CN IX) and vagus (CN X)

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90
Q

At what vertebra level is the upper oesophageal sphincter?

A

C6

the level the pharynx becomes the oesophagus

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91
Q

What are the 3 muscles within the outer circular layer of pharyngeal constrictor muscle?

A

superior pharyngeal constrictor
medial pharyngeal constrictor
inferior pharyngeal constrictor

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92
Q

What is the function of the outer circular layer of pharyngeal constrictor muscles?

A

sequentially contract to push the food bolus inferiorly into the oesophagus

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93
Q

What nerve supplies the outer circular layer of pharyngeal constrictor muscles?

A

vagus (CN X)

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94
Q

what muscle closes the lips?

A

orbicularis oris

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95
Q

What nerve supplies the orbicularis oris?

A

facial (CN VII)

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96
Q

what is the upper oesophageal sphincter also known as?

A

cricopharyngeus muscle

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97
Q

What are the three anatomical constrictions of the oesophagus?

A
  1. cervical constriction
  2. thoracic constiction(s)
  3. diaphragmatic constriction
98
Q

what is the cervical constriction of the oesophagus due to?

A

cricopharyngeus muscle

99
Q

what is the thoracic contraction(s) of the oesophagus due to?

A

arch of the aorta or left main bronchus

100
Q

what is the diaphragmatic constriction of the aorta due to?

A

the lower esophageal spincter/result of passing through the diaphragm

101
Q

what is the angle of change in direction of the stomach called?

A

incisura angularis

102
Q

What causes icterus?

A

increased blood levels of bilirubin

103
Q

what is the normal by-product of RBC breakdown?

A

bilirubin

104
Q

Where does the breakdown of RBCs occur?

A

spleen (mainly)

105
Q

What does the liver use bilirubin to make?

A

bile

106
Q

what connects the liver to the second part of the duodenum?

A

biliary tree

107
Q

what is the first midline branch of the abdominal aorta?

A

the celiac trunk

108
Q

what type of structure is the celiac trunk?

A

retroperitoneal

109
Q

what level does the celiac trunk arise around?

A

T12

110
Q

The celiac trunk trifurcates, what are the three branches called?

A

splenic artery, common hepatic artery, left gastric artery

111
Q

The supraduodenal artery and the superior pancreaticoduodenal artery branches of what artery?

A

gastroduodenal artery

112
Q

the gastroduodenal artery branches off what artery?

A

the common hepatic artery

113
Q

Where does the splenic artery run?

A

along the superior border of the pancreas

114
Q

What type of organ is the spleen?

A

intraperitoneal

115
Q

What ribs protect the spleen?

A

ribs 9-11

116
Q

The blood suply to the stomach mainly comes from what 4 arteries?

A
  1. right gastric artery
  2. left gastric artery
  3. right gastro-omental artery
  4. left-gastro-omental artery
117
Q

The right gastric artery branches off what artery?

A

hepatic artery proper

118
Q

The right gastro-omental artery branches off what artery?

A

superior pancreaticoduodenal artery

119
Q

The left gastro-omental artery branches off what artery?

A

splenic artery

120
Q

the right and left gastric arteries run along where?

A

lesser curvature o the stomach and anastamose

121
Q

the right and left gastro-omental arteries run along where?

A

greater curvature of the stomach and anastamose

122
Q

What are the two blood supplies to the liver?

A 
Hepatic artery (Left and right)
Hepatic portal vein
123
Q

the liver is protected by what ribs?

A

ribs 7-11

124
Q

What are the four anatomical segments of the liver?

A

right lobe
left lobe
caudate lobe
quadrate lobe

125
Q

what are the right and left lobes of the liver separated by?

A

falciform ligament

126
Q

How many functional segments does the liver have?

A

8

127
Q

What does each liver segment have?

A

its own portal triad

128
Q

What is different about the IVC and hepatic veins when comparing to regular veins?

A

don’t have valves

129
Q

what effect can a high central venous pressure have on the liver?

A

hepatomegaly

130
Q

what are the smallest functional units of a liver?

A

hexagonal lobule

131
Q

what does each hepatic lobule contain in the middle?

A

central vein

132
Q

what does each hepatic lobule contain at each corner?

A

interlobular portal triad

133
Q

What are the two recesses that are related to the liver?

A

hepatorenal recess (Morrisons pouch) and subphrenic recess

134
Q

In which sac are the hepatorenal and subphrenic recess lcoated?

A

greater sac

135
Q

When the patient is supine, what is the lowest part of the peritoneal cavity?

A

hepatorenal recess

136
Q

Describe the abdominal organs veins transformation into the hepatic portal vein.

A

First the inferior mesenteric drains into the splenic vein. Then the splenic vein and superior mesenteric vein meet and for the hepatic portal vein.

137
Q

the inferior vena cava is what type of structure?

A

retroperitoneal

138
Q

what attaches the liver to the diaphragm?

A

coronary ligaments

139
Q

what is the remnant of the embryological umbilical vein?

A

ligamentum teres

140
Q

the gallbladder is anatomically where in relation to the duodenum?

A

anterior

141
Q

the neck of the gall bladder narrows to become what vessel?

A

cystic duct

142
Q

what is the blood supply to the gallbladder?

A

cystic artery, which is usually a branch of the right hepatic artery.

143
Q

what is the name of the surgical removal of the gallbladder

A

colecystectomy

144
Q

where does the bile duct join with the main pancreatic duct?

A

the ampulla of Vater

145
Q

Where does the ampulla of Vater drain into the 2nd part of the duodenum through?

A

major duodenal papilla

146
Q

what are three anatomical sphincters are near to the ampulla of Vater?

A

bile duct sphincter, pancreatic duct sphincter, sphincter of Oddi

147
Q

What can obstruction of the biliary tree? (ie post hepatic jaundice)

A

gallstones, carcinma at the head of the pancreas

148
Q

Where does the uncinate process of the pancreas sit?

A

behind the superior mesenteric vessels

149
Q

The pancreas is supplied by what three arteries?

A
  1. superior pancreaticoduodenal (comes from the gastroduodenal)
  2. inferior pancreaticoduodenal (comes from the SMA)
  3. pancreatic branches (that come from the splenic artery)
150
Q

What type of structures are each part of the duodenum?

A
  1. superior - intraperitoneal
  2. descending- retroperitoneal
  3. horizontal- retroperitoneal
  4. ascending- retroperitoneal
151
Q

The duodenum secretes what three peptide hormones?

A
  1. gastrin
  2. CCK
  3. secretin
152
Q

The duodenum is suppplied by what two arteries?

A
  1. superior pancreaticoduodenal (from the gastroduodenal artery)
  2. inferior pancreaticoduodenal (from SMA)
153
Q

the the ascending duodenum meets the jejunum at what flexure?

A

duodenaljejunal flexure

154
Q

the ileum ends at what junction?

A

ileocecal juncion

155
Q

what are the macroscopic folds in the jejunum and ileum called?

A

plicae circularis

156
Q

Is the jejunum or ileum more folded with plicae circularis?

A

jejunum

157
Q

what is the ileum is important in absorbing?

A

vitamins (eg B12)

158
Q

Compare the vasa recta between ileum and jejunum.

A

vasa recta are much longer in the jejunal arteries

159
Q

compare the terminal arterial arcades between ileum and jejunum.

A

the loops are more complex in ileum than jejunum.

160
Q

lymph tends to lie where?

A

along arteries

161
Q

what are the 4 main groups of lymph nodes draining the abdominal organs?

A
  1. celiac (foregut)
  2. superior mesenteric (midgut)
  3. inferior mesenteric (hindgut)
  4. lumbar (kidney, posterior abdo wall, pelvis and lower limbs)
162
Q

What are the three functions of the large intestine?

A
  1. defence (commensal bacteria)
  2. absorption (of water and electrolytes)
  3. excretion (of formed stool
163
Q

What type of structure is the cecum?

A

intraperitoneal

164
Q

what type of structure is the ascending colon?

A

retroperitoneal

165
Q

what type of structure is the transverse colon?

A

intraperitoneal

166
Q

what type of structure is the descending colon?

A

retroperitoneal

167
Q

what type of structure is the sigmoid colon?

A

intraperitoneal

168
Q

what are the spaces that are part of the greater sac of the peritoneal cavtiy and sit between the lateral edge of the ascending/ descending colon and the abdominal wall?

A

paracolic gutters

169
Q

What are the three distinct longitudinal thickened smooth muscle that runs from the cecum to the distal end of the sigmoid colon?

A

teniae coli

170
Q

what does McBurneys point correspond to?

A

the location of the appendiceal orfice,

1/3 of the way from the ASIS to the umbilicus

171
Q

where is the appendiceal orfice?

A

on the posteromedial wall of caecum

172
Q

what supplies the pelvis/perineum and the lower limbs?

A

right and left common iliac arteries

173
Q

What are the 4 main arteries that come off the SMA?

A
  1. inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery
  2. middle colic artery
  3. right colic artery
  4. ileocolic artery
174
Q

what arteries come off the ileocolic artery?

A

appendicular artery, jejunal arteries, ileal arteries

175
Q

what are the 3 main arteries that come off the IMA?

A

left colic artery, sigmoidcolic artery, superior rectal artery

176
Q

What is the arterial anastomose between the branches of the SMA and the branches of the IMA?

A

the marginal artery of Drummond

177
Q

What are the name of alternative routes for blood to travel?

A

collateral vessels

178
Q

what supplies the distal 1/2 of the anal canal and the anus?

A

the internal iliac artery

179
Q

what are the two main branches of the internal iliac artery that supply the distal 1/2 of the anal canal and the anus?

A

middle rectal artery

inferior rectal artery

180
Q

what represents the divide of the upper 2/3 and lower 1/3 of the anal canal?

A

pectinate line

181
Q

what are abnormal dilated, thin-walled veins?

A

varcies

182
Q

what are varices caused by?

A

pathology affecting the portal venous system

183
Q

what is the foregut drained by?

A

splenic vein

184
Q

what is the hind gut drained by?

A

IMV

185
Q

what is the midgut drained by?

A

SMV

186
Q

Where are the 3 important site of venous portal systemic anastamoses?

A
  1. distal end of the oesophagus
  2. skin around the umbilicus (ie opening of the ligamentum teres)
  3. rectum/anal canal
187
Q

what causes the opening of the ligamentum teres?

A

portal hypertension due to liver pathology (eg cirrhosis)

188
Q

Why do the portal systemic anastamoses become dilated? (ie how do varices form)

A

portal hypertension, causing collateral veins to receive a higher volume of blood

189
Q

where is the rectum located?

A

within the pelvic cavity

190
Q

what is the way into the pelvic cavity from the abdominal cavity called?

A

pelvic inlet

191
Q

what must the rectum/anal canal pass through?

A

pelvic floor

192
Q

What is the name of the pelvic floor muscles?

A

levator ani

pelvic diaphragm

193
Q

when does the sigmoid colon become the rectum?

A

at the rectosigmoid junction

level- S3

194
Q

Rectum becomes the anal canal just prior to what?

A

passing through the pelvic floor

195
Q

what are the anal canal and the anus contained in?

A

the perineum

196
Q

What separates the pelvic cavity from the perineum?

A

the pelvic diaphragm (levator ani muscle)

197
Q

where does the rectal ampulla lie?

A

just superior to the levator ani muscle

198
Q

how does the rectal ampulla accommodate faecal material?

A

relaxes its walls

199
Q

what is the rectal ampulla?

A

dilated distal part of the rectum

200
Q

what type of muscle is the levator ani muscle?

A

skeletal

201
Q

In what state is the levator ani muscles most of the time?

A

contracted

202
Q

why must the levator ani muscle reflexively contract further sometimes?

A

for situations of intra-abdominal pressure eg sneezing or coughing

203
Q

when must the levator ani muscle relax?

A

defecation and urination

204
Q

what nerve supplies the levator ani muscle?

A

the nerve to the levator ani, it is a branch of the sacral plexus

205
Q

What is the part of the levator ani muscle that is particularly important for maintaining faecal continence?

A

puborectalis muscle

206
Q

What does contraction of the puborectalis muscle of the levator ani muscle do?

A

decreases the anorectal angle- acts like a sphincter to maintain continence

207
Q

what shape is the puborectalis muscle?

A

U-shaped

208
Q

where is the internal anal sphincter?

A

medial 1/3 of the anal canal

209
Q

where is the external anal sphincter?

A

distal 1/3 of the anal canal

210
Q

contraction of the internal anal sphincter is stimulated by what nerves?

A

sympathetic nerves

211
Q

relaxation of internal anal sphincter is stimulated by what nerves?

A

parasympathetic nerves

212
Q

what does the internal anal sphincter reflexively relax in response to?

A

filling of the rectal ampulla

213
Q

The superior part of the external anal sphincter is continuous with what muscle?

A

the puborectalis muscle of the levator ani muscle

214
Q

what nerve causes contraction of the external anal sphincter?

A

pudenal (somatomotor) nerve

215
Q

sympathetic nerve supply of the rectum and anal canal comes from what vertebra levels?

A

T12-L2

216
Q

how do sympathetic nerves that supply the rectum and anal canal synapse?

A

synapse as abdominosplanchnic nerves

217
Q

visceral afferent nerve fibres of the rectum and anal canal run along side what nerves? (and therefore enter the verterbral column at what level?)

A

parasympathetic nerves

S2-S4

218
Q

what do visceral afferents of the rectum sense?

A

ischaemia, stretch, fullness of the rectal ampulla

219
Q

from what level does the nerve to levator ani (somatic motor) come from?

A

S3,S4

220
Q

from what level does the pudenal nerve (somatic motor) come from?

A

S2,3,4 anterior rami

221
Q

What do the levator ani muscle and the pudenal muscle do?

A

stimulation the contraction of the external anal sphincter and the puborectalis

222
Q

from what plexus does the pudenal nerve come from?

A

the sacral plexus

223
Q

what does the pectinateline represent embryologically?

A

endoderm (GI tube) and ectoderm (skin) divide

224
Q

superior to the pectinate line what type of nerve supply is there?

A

autonomic nerve supply

225
Q

inferior to the pectinate line what type of nerve supply is there?

A

somatic nerve supply

226
Q

superior to the pectinate line what is the blood supply?

A

IMA

227
Q

inferior to the pectinate line what is the blood supply?

A

internal iliac artery

228
Q

superior to the pectinate line what is the venous drainage?

A

IMV to portal vein

229
Q

inferior to the pectinate line what is the venous drainage?

A

internal iliac vein to systemic venous system

230
Q

superior to the pectinate line what is the lymph drainage?

A

internal iliac nodes to inferior mesenteric nodes

231
Q

inferior to the pectinate line what is the lymph drainage?

A

superficial inguinal nodes to external iliac nodes

232
Q

what is the lymph drainage of the inferior pelvic structures?

A

internal iliac nodes

233
Q

what is the lymph drainage of the lower limb and more superior pelvic structures?

A

external iliac nodes

234
Q

what is the lymph drainage from the external and internal iliac nodes?

A

common iliac

235
Q

what is the lymph drainage from the common iliac nodes?

A

lumbar nodes

236
Q

What is lymph drainage from the superficialinguinal nodes?

A

external iliac nodes

237
Q

what can prolapse of the external rectal venous plexus due to constipation/pregancny/straining cause?

A

haemorrhoids

238
Q

what is the name of the fossae filled with fat and loose connective tissue on each side of the anal canal?
(each side commnicates posteriorly)

A

ischioanal fossa

239
Q

what is an infection within the ischiofossa called?

A

ischoanal abcess

240
Q

what is the name of the endoscope that views the rectum?

A

proctoscopy

Gastrointestinal (15 decks)

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