Anatomy Flashcards
(156 cards)
1
Q
What structures enter through the thoracic inlet (superior thoracic aperture)?
A
- Trachea
- Esophagus
- Vessels
- Nerves
2
Q
What binds the superior thoracic aperture?
A
- Posteriorly: The T1 vertebra
- Laterally: The first pair of ribs and their costal cartilages
- Anteriorly: The superior boarder of the manubrium
3
Q
What binds the inferior thoracic aperture?
A
- Posteriorly: T12 vertebra
- Posterolaterally: 11th and 12th pairs of ribs
- Anteriolaterally: Joined costal cartilages of ribs 7-10 forming the costal margin
- Anteriorly: by the xiphisternal joint
4
Q
What are the three different types of ribs?
A
- True (vertibrosternal) ribs: (1st-7th ribs) attach directly to the sternum anteriorly through their own costal cartilages
- False (vertebrochondral) ribs: (8th-10th ribs) have cartilages on their anterior ends that are joined to the cartilages of the rib superior to them; thus their connection to the sternum is indirect
- Floating (free) ribs: (11th-12th (sometimes 10th)) have rudimentary cartilages on their anterior ends that do not connect even indirectly with the sternum; instead they end in posterior abdomen musculature
5
Q
What type of joint is the intervertable joint?
A
symphysis (secondary cartilaginous joint)
6
Q
What are the articulations of the intervertable joint?
A
Adjacent veritable bodies bound together by intervertable disks
7
Q
What type of joint is the costal veritable joints of the head of ribs?
A
Synovial plane joint
8
Q
What are the articulations of the costal veritable joints of the head of ribs?
A
Head of each rib with superior demifacet or costal facet of corresponding veritable body and inferior demifacet or costal facet of veritable body superior to it
9
Q
What are the ligament attached to the costal veritable joints of the head of ribs?
A
The radiate and intra-articular ligaments of the head of rib
10
Q
What type of joint is the costotransverse joint?
A
Synovial plane joint
11
Q
What are the articulations of the costotransverse joint?
A
Articulation of tubercle of rib with transverse process of corresponding vertebra
12
Q
What are the ligaments of the costotransverse joint?
A
Lateral and superior costotransverse
13
Q
What type of joint is the sternocostal joints?
A
1st: primary cartilaginous joint
2nd-7th: synovial plane joints
14
Q
What are the Ligaments of the sternocostal joints?
A
Anterior and posterior radiate sternocostal
15
Q
What are the articulations of the sternocostal joints?
A
Articulation of the 1st costal cartilages with manubrium of sternum. Articulation of 2nd-7th pairs of costal cartilages with sternum
16
Q
What type of joint is the sternoclavicular joint?
A
Saddle synovial joint
17
Q
What are the articulations of the sternoclavicular joint?
A
Sternal end of clavicle with manubrium and first costal cartilage
18
Q
What are the ligaments of the sternoclavicular joint?
A
Anterior and posterior sternoclavicular ligaments; costoclavicular ligament
19
Q
What type of joint is the interchondral joints?
A
Synovial plane joints
20
Q
What are the articulations of the interchondral joints?
A
Articulations between the costal cartilages 6th-7th, 7th-8th and 8th-9th ribs
21
Q
What are the ligaments of the interchondral joints?
A
Interchondral ligaments
22
Q
What type of joint is the manbriosternal joint?
A
secondary cartilaginous joint
23
Q
What are the articulations of the manbriosternal joint?
A
Articulation between manubrium and sternum
24
Q
What are the ligaments of the manbriosternal joint?
A
Interchondral ligaments
25
What type of joint is the xiphesternal joint?
Primary cartilaginous
26
What are the articulations of the xiphisternal joint?
Articulations between xiphoid process and body of sternum
27
What are the ligaments of the xiphesternal joint?
Interchondral ligaments
28
What is the veritable level of the sternum?
T5-9
29
What is the veritable level of the xiphoid process?
T10
30
Where does the lymph nodes on the left side drain to?
The thoracic duct which drains into the left brachiophalic vein
31
Where do the lymph nodes on the right side drain to?
Right lymphatic duct which drains into the right brachiophalic vein
32
What are the peripheral attachments of the diaphragm?
- Lumbar vertebrae and arcuate ligaments
- Costal cartilages 7-12
- Xiphoid process
33
What are the medial attachments of the diaphragm
central tendon
34
Where are the nerve roots of the phrenic nerve?
Anterior rami of C3-4 (mainly) and C5. It is both motor and sensory
35
At what veritable level is the caval opening?
T8
36
What is the caval opening?
It transmits the inferior vena cava and the right phrenic nerve
37
At what veritable level is the esophageal hiatus?
T10
38
What does the esophageal hiatus transmit?
the oesophogus and both Vegus nerves
39
What veritable level is the aortic hiatus?
T12
40
What does the aortic hiatus transmit?
Aorta, the azygos vein, the hemiazygous vein and the thoracic duct
41
Where is the larynx found?
C3-C6
42
What innervates the larynx?
Branches of the vegus nerve
43
What makes up the larynx?
- Hyoid (C2/3)
- Throhyoid membrane (C4)
- Laryngeal prominance (C5)
- Cricoid cartilage and start of trachea (C6)
44
What makes up the lung Hilum?
1. Bronchi
2. Pulmonary artery
3. Superior pulmonary vein
4. Inferior pulmonary vein
45
At what rib level does the horizontal fissure happen?
follows the 4th rib anteriorly
46
At what level does the oblique fissure happen
Begins at spine of T3 and then follows 6th rib abteriorly
47
At what veritable level is the sternomanubrial joint found?
T4/5
48
What ribs are the typical ribs?
3-9
49
Describe a typical rib
- Rounded superior boarder
- Sharp inferior boarder
- Head articulates with same numbered vertebra plus vertebra above
- Neck
- tubercular which articulates with the transverse process of the spine
- Angle
- Costal sulcus/ groove with intercostal veins, arteries and nerves lying in the veins
- Pit for costal cartilage
- Attachments ribs/ costal cartilages
50
Describe the first rib
- Short, wide and flat
- articulates with only T1
- Scalene tubercle: for attachments of the anterior to the scalene muscle of the neck, an accessory respiratory muscle
- Groove for subclavian artery (posterior to scalene tubercle)
- Groove for subclavian vein (anterior to scalene tubercle)
51
Describe a typical thoracic vertebra
- Body: kidney shaped and intermediate sized
- Demi-facets on body: articulate with the head of the rib
- Vertebral foramen: the spinal chord and the dura, arachnoid and pia meninges pass through this
- Intervertable notch: occupied by spinal nerves
- Pedicle
- Lamina
- Transverse process
- Articular facets on the tip of the transverse process: articulate the tubercle of a rib
- Spinous process: long, slender, non-biffed and goes downwards
52
What is the name of the superficial muscle found in the intercostal space and what is the orientation of its fibres?
- External intercostal muscle
| - Inferiormedial
53
What is the name of the Intermediate muscle found in the intercostal space and what is the orientation of its fibres?
- Internal intercostal muscle
| - Inferiorposterial
54
What is the name of the deep muscle found in the intercostal space and what is the orientation of its fibres?
- Innermost intercostal muscle
| - Inferiorposterial
55
Between which two intercostal muscles is the neurovascular bundle located?
The internal and the innermost intercostal muscles
56
From superior to inferior, which structures comprise the neurovascular bundle?
- Intercostal vein
- Intercostal artery
- Intercostal nerve
57
What is a dermatome?
An area of skin that is innervated by a single spinal nerve
58
What is the dermatome of the sternal angle
T2
59
On the trunk the dermatomes go from C4 to T2, what happens to the others?
C5-T1 are in the upper limbs
60
What dermatomes innervate the nipple area?
T4
61
What dermatomes innervate the umbilical area?
T10
62
What dermatomes innervate the groin area?
L1
63
Which remi supply the dermatomes of the aneriorlateral thoracic wall?
Ventral
64
Which remi supply the dermatomes of the Posterior thoracic wall?
Dorsal
65
Where is the location of the axillary lymph node?
Root of the upper limb
66
Where is the location of the superficial and deep inguinal lymph node?
root of the lower limb
67
Where is the location of the pectoral lymph node?
around the pectorallis major muscle
68
Where is the location of the tracheobronchial lymph node?
Bifurcation of the trachea in thorax
69
Where is the location of the lumbar/ pelvic lymph node?
around the roots of arteries in the abdomen and pelvis
70
Where is the location of the superficial and deep cervical lymph nodes?
Superficial and deep groups in the head and neck
71
To which vertebra are the left and right curas of the diaphragm attached?
- Right: L1-3
| - Left: L1-2
72
Which cartilages is the diaphragm attached?
7-10 costal cartilages
73
Which part of the sternum is the diaphragm attached to?
The xiphoid process
74
What divides the superior and inferior mediastinum?
The sternal manubrium
75
Which vertebrae form the posterior boarder of the superior mediastinum?
T1-4
76
What is the surface marking of the apex of the heart?
5th left intercostal space midclavicular line
77
Anterior to which vertebrae is the heart situated?
T5-8
78
At what vertebrae level does the aortic arch take place?
T4
79
At what vertebrae level does bifurcation of the abdominal aorta take place?
L4
80
At what vertebrae level does bifurcation of the common iliac arteries take place?
L5
81
What is the first branch of the aorta?
Brachiophalic artery
82
What is the second branch of the aorta?
Left common carotid
83
What is the third branch of the aorta?
Left subclavian artery
84
What are the branches of the descending aorta?
- Bronchial arteries
- Oesophogeal arteries
- Pericardial arteries
- Posterior intercostal arteries
85
Where do the common iliac arteries arise and lie?
- Arise at L4
| - Lie in the iliac fossa
86
Where do the external iliac arteries arise and what do they become?
- arise at L5
| - Become the femoral artery
87
Where do the internal iliac arteries arise and what do they supply?
- Arise at L5
| - Supply pelvic viscera
88
What are the attachments of the external, internal and innermost intercostal muscle?
Inferior boarder of the ribs and the superior boarder of the ribs bellow
89
What innervates the external, internal and innermost intercostal muscle?
The intercostal nerves
90
What are the attachments of the transversus thoracic muscles?
- The posterior surface of the lower sternum (superior)
| - The internal surface of costal cartilages 2-6 (inferior)
91
What innervates the transverse thoracic muscles?
The intercostal nerve
92
What are the attachments of the Subcostal muscles?
- Internal surface of the lower ribs near their angles (superior)
- Superior boarders of the 2nd and 3rd ribs below (inferior)
93
What innervates the subcostal muscles?
Intercostal nerves
94
What are the attachments of the Levastores costarum muscles?
- Transverse process of T7-T11 (superior)
| - Subjacent ribs between tubercle and angle (inferior)
95
What innervates the Levastores costarum muscles?
Posterior rami of C8-T11
96
What are the attachments of the Serratus posterior superior muscles?
- Nuchal ligament, spinous process of C7-T3 vertebra (superior)
- Superior boarders of 2nd-4th ribs (inferior)
97
What innervates the Serratus posterior superior muscles?
2nd-5th intercostal muscles
98
What are the attachments of the Serratus posterior inferior muscles?
- Inferior boarders of the 8th to 12th ribs near their angles (superior)
- Spinous processes of T11-L2 vertebrae
99
What innervates the Serratus posterior inferior muscles?
9th to 11th inctercostal nerves, subcostal (T12) nerve
100
What are the tributaries of the superior vena cava?
- Left and right brachiophalic veins
| - Azygous
101
What are the tributaries of the inferior vena cava?
-Left and right common iliac veins
102
Where do you fins the azygous and hemiazygous veins?
- Azygous: right side of the posterior mediastinum
| - Hemiazygous: left side of the posterior mediastinum
103
which veins are drained by the azygous and hemiazygous veins>
- Thoracic and lumbar wall
- Posterior intercostal
- The veritable venus plex
104
Which anterior chest wall vein drains into the internal thoracic vein?
superior epigastric vein
105
Which anterior chest wall artery arises from the internal thoracic artery?
musculophrenic
106
Where is the thoracic duct located?
On the veritable bodies between the azygous vein and the descending thoracic aorta on the right side of the posterior thoracic wall
107
At what veritable level does the thoracic duct commence?
L1 as the cisterna chyli
108
Through which part of the diaphragm does the inferior vena cave pass and how does this assist venous return to the heart
- Central tendon
| - When breathing in the vena cava dialates
109
What is a hiatus hernia?
an abdominal protrusion of a structure, e.g. the abdominal oesophagus and upper part of the stomach, through into the thorax through a tear or weakness in the diaphragm caused by frequent hard coughing, heavy lifting and a number of other predisposing factors that compromise the structural integrity of the diaphragm over the short and long term
110
What veritable levels of the spinal cord contribute to the phrenic nerves?
C3-5
111
What forms the Adam's apple?
Thyroid cartilage
112
Which structure prevents solids and liquids entering the laryngeal inlet?
epiglottis
113
When does the trachea start?
it continues on from the larynx at C6
114
How many incomplete hyaline cartilage rings comprise the trachea?
15-20
115
What is the muscle that completes the rings posteriorly?
trachealis
116
What is the final cartilage ring before bifurcation of the trachea called?
Carina
117
Which of the two main bronchi is shorter, wider and more vertical?
Right
118
What are the two major arteries arching over the left main bronchus?
- Left pulmonary artery
| - Aorta
119
At what point does the subclavian artery become the axillary artery?
Lateral boarder of the 1st rib
120
In which area of the upper limb does the brachial artery branch into the radial and the ulnar?
The cubital fossa
121
Which of the radial and ulnar arteries have the largest diameter?
The ulnar
122
What is the endocardium comprised of?
A single layer of squamous epithelium
123
What is the myocardium comprised of?
Many layers of cardiac muscle
124
What is the epicardium comprised of?
a single layer of squamous epithelium
125
What layer belongs to both the heart wall and the serous pericardium?
The epicardium
126
What protective role is fulfilled by the fibrous pericardium?
It protects the heart against sudden overfilling
127
Where does the visceral pericardium receive innervation from?
T1-4 nerves and vagus via the cardiac plexus
128
What is the role of the left and right auricles?
Blood storage
129
What is the function of the moderator band?
A support system for the septal surface of the heart, prevents the ventricle from ballooning out
130
What ventricular wall is bigger? by how many times? and why?
- LV wall
- x3
- LV has to pump blood around the body
131
What are the functions of the papillary muscles?
Prevents backflow
132
What is the function of chordae tendinae?
prevents valve failure
133
Where is the blood of the cardiac veins drained to?
The coronary sinus (a wide venous channel on the posterior surface of the heart) which in turn feeds into the right atrium
134
Name the coronary arteries
- Right coronary artery
- Left coronary artery
- Anterior interventricular artery
- Posterior interventricular artery
- Circumflex artery
135
What does the right coronary artery sit in?
The atrioventricular sulcus
136
Where is the cardiac plexus located?
The bifurcation of the trachea
137
What are the histological layers of arteries?
- Tunica intima
- Tunica media
- Tunica adventitia
138
In an elastic artery describe all three layers
- Tunica intima: Presence of endothelial cells
- Tunica media: Presence of concentric fenestration sheets of elastin, and only a few smooth muscles
- Tunica adventitia: very broad and mainly collagen and elastic
139
In an muscular artery describe all three layers
- Tunica intima: presence of internal elastic lamina
- Tunica media: Situated between IEL and OEL it has layers of smooth muscle with elastic and collagen
- Tunica adventitia: very broad with vasa vasorium
140
What type of arteries are the aorta and the pulmonary trunk?
elastic and conducting
141
What type of arteries are the femoral and the radial arteries?
Muscular and distributing
142
What tissue dominates the tunica media of arterioles?
smooth muscle
143
What layer of veins form valves?
Tunica intima
144
State where the inferior boarder of the lung and the parietal pleura is in the midclavicular line
inferior boarder: rib 6
| Parietal pleura: rib 8
145
State where the inferior boarder of the lung and the parietal pleura is in the midaxillary line
inferior boarder: rib 8
| Parietal pleura: rib 10
146
State where the inferior boarder of the lung and the parietal pleura is in the midscapular line
inferior boarder: rib 10
| Parietal pleura: rib 12
147
What contour does the oblique fissure follow?
6th rib
148
What is the level the horizontal fissure lies at?
rib 4
149
Where does the posterior boarder of each lung extend to?
C7 to T10
150
What are the two layers that comprise the mucosa?
- epithelium
| - Loose connective tissue layer called the lamina propria
151
Name the two types of cells found in the epithelial layer
- Goblet cells
| - pseudostatified ciliated columnar epithelium
152
What is the name of the smooth muscle found in the posterior wall of the trachea?
Trachialis muscle
153
What is the difference between the trachea and the intrapulmonary bronchus?
The trachea has incomplete c-shaped rings and the bronchus has unfused plates of hyaline cartilage
154
What is the type of cell in bronchioles?
either columnar or cuboidal
155
Are there any glands, cartilage or smooth muscle in bronchioles?
Only smooth muscle
156
What two types of connective tissue fibres predominate in the respiratory portion of the lungs?
Reticular and elastic
