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Ophthalmology > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Which structure is the beginning of the infraorbital canal?

A

Infraorbital foramen

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2
Q

What are the four margins of the orbital rim

A

inferior, superior, medial, lateral

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3
Q

Which margin sticks out more and why?

A

The superior one to protect the eye from trauma

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4
Q

What is a complication of an orbital fracture?

A

Orbital contents can get trapped in the fracture. NVB damaged.

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5
Q

What is the name of the muscle of the eye lid

A

Orbicularis oculi

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6
Q

What is the innervation of orbicularis oculi

A

CN VII, facial

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7
Q

What type of muscle is orbicularis oculi?

A

Voluntary/somatic skeletal

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8
Q

What are the two parts of orbicularis oculi and what are their functions?

A

Palpebral - to gently close eyes

Orbital - to screw up eyes tightly

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9
Q

What is under the orbicularis oculi?

A

Inferior and superior tarsus muscles. these give shape to the eye

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10
Q

Where does the tendon of the LPS muscle attach?

A

Superior tarsus

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11
Q

How thick is the floor of the bony orbit?

A

0.25-1mm

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12
Q

What is the sensory supply to the alae of the nose?

A

V2 - Maxillary division of CN V, trigeminal nerve

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13
Q

Which bones make up the bony orbit?

A

Frontal, maxillary, zygomatic, lacrimal, sphenoid and ethmoid

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14
Q

What is a normal variation of the supraorbital notch?

A

Supraorbital foramen

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15
Q

What can happen to the vision with a zygomatic fracture? Explain why.

A

The zygoma rotates outwards and the suspensory ligament of the eye moves towards the floor - this results in diplopia.

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16
Q

What is the anterior border of the orbital septum and what is its function?

A

It is connective tissues which makes up the anterior border of the eye. It helps to prevent spread of infection from superficial to deep so that superficial infections do not get to the brain.

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17
Q

What and where are tarsal glands?

A

Tarsal glands are embedded in the tarsal muscles. They are for lipid secretion for lubrication and to stop tears overflowing.

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18
Q

What is the white of the eye called?

A

Sclera

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19
Q

What covers the sclera and inner eyelids?

A

Conjunctiva

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20
Q

What is the conjunctiva?

A

Non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium with goblet cells as well as stratified columnar epithelium. Defensive barrier.

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21
Q

What are the two parts of the conjunctiva? How do they join?

A

Palpebral and bulbar. Join at the conjunctival fornix.

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22
Q

Describe the vasculature of the conjunctivae.

A

High vascularized with lots of micro-vessels.

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23
Q

What is the cornea?

A

An avascular structure which covers the iris.

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24
Q

Where do the cornea and sclera meet?

A

At the limbus, or corneoscleral junction.

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25
Q

What is the pupil?

A

A variable aperture that changes with autonomic control in the centre of the iris.

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26
Q

Where is lacrimal fluid collected?

A

The punctum on the lacrimal papilla.

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27
Q

What is the innervation of the lacrimal papilla?

A

Parasympathetic from CN VII, facial

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28
Q

Describe the pathway of lacrimal fluid.

A

It comes from the lacrimal gland superiolaterally, washes over the eye and collected at the punctum in the medial angle. It drains down the nasolacrimal duct to the inferior meatus.

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29
Q

What are the three layers of the eye?

A

Fibrous outer layer, uvea (vascular) middle layer and the retina.

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30
Q

What is the fibrous outer layer composed of?

A

The sclera and cornea. It is 2/3s of the eye’s refractive power.

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31
Q

What is the middle layer composed of?

A

The iris, ciliary body and choroid.

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32
Q

What is the function of the iris?

A

To control pupil diameter

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33
Q

What does the ciliary body control?

A

The iris, shape of lens and secretion of aqueous humour.

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34
Q

What are the segments of the eye?

A

Anterior and posterior

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35
Q

What are the chambers of the anterior segment?

A

Anterior and posterior

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36
Q

What is in the anterior chamber of the anterior segment?

A

Everything in front of the lens. Filled with aqueous humour

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37
Q

What is in the posterior chamber of the anterior segment of the eye?

A

Aqueous humour.

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38
Q

What tool is used to look at the anterior chamber of the eye?

A

Slit lamp

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39
Q

What is in the posterior segment?

A

Everythign behind the lens. Vitreous humour.

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40
Q

Where are floaters commonly found?

A

Vitreous chamber

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41
Q

What are ciliary bodies?

A

Blood vessels and smooth muscle

42
Q

What are ciliary processes?

A

Foldings of the bodies which secrete aqueous humour

43
Q

What is the function of aqueous humour?

A

To circulate in the posterior chamber and nourish the lens, then move through the pupil into the anterior chamber to nourish the cornea

44
Q

Where is aqueous humour reabsorbed?

A

The scleral venous sinus (aka the Canal of Schlemm) at the irdiocorneal angle.

45
Q

What does the balance of production and absorption of aqueous humour affect?

A

IOP

46
Q

What are complication of a raised IOP?

A

Glaucoma and ischemia of the retina?

47
Q

What is the fundus?

A

The posterior area of the retina where light is focused?

48
Q

What is in the fundus?

A

Optic disc, macula and fovea

49
Q

What is the optic disc?

A

Point of CN II optic nerve formation. Blind spot.

50
Q

What is the macula?

A

The area with the greatest density of cones.

51
Q

What is the fovea?

A

The centre of the macula. Area of most acute vision.

52
Q

What are cones for?

A

Seeing in the light, colours

53
Q

What are rods for?

A

Seeing the in the dark

54
Q

What are the three layers of the retina and in what order?

A

From posterior to anterior, photo receptors then ganglion cells then the axons of the ganglion cells.

55
Q

What is the arterial supply of the eye?

A

Central artery of the retina.

56
Q

Describe the path of the central retinal artery.

A

Internal carotid gives off the ophthalmic artery inside the cranium - branches of this travel to the retina in CN II, optic nerve.

57
Q

What happens if there is an occlusion of the central retinal artery?

A

Complete loss of vision in affected eye

58
Q

What is the venous drainage of the eye?

A

Superior and inferior ophthalmic veins, through the optic nerve and into the cavernous sinus. Can also drain into facial vein.

59
Q

What is odd about the facial vein?

A

It has much less valves than other veins, blood flood is bidirectional.

60
Q

Describe the visual pathway.

A

Light on nasal side goes to temporal retina and vice versa. Information travels in the optic nerve to the primary visual cortex through the optic chiasm and lateral geniculate nucleus. Light from temporal side which hits nasal retina crosses at the chiasm.

61
Q

What is the origin of the extraocular muscles?

A

Tendinous ring surrounding the optic canal.

62
Q

Name all 7 muscles

A

Superior, inferior, medial and lateral rectus. Inferior and superior oblique.

63
Q

Where do the extra-ocular muscles attach?

A

Onto the sclera just before the cornea

64
Q

What is special about the tendon of the SO?

A

It goes through a little pulley called the trochlea which is on the frontal bone

65
Q

What muscle lifts the eyelid?

A

Levator palpebrea superioris

66
Q

What innervates lateral rectus?

A

CN VI, abducent

67
Q

What innervates superior oblique?

A

CN IV, trochlear

68
Q

What innervates SR, IR, MR, IO and LPS?

A

CN III, occulomotor

69
Q

What is the primary movement of SR?

A

Elevation in abduction

70
Q

What is the primary movement of IR?

A

Depression in abduction

71
Q

What is the primary movement of SO?

A

Depression on adduction

72
Q

What is the primary movement of IO?

A

Elevation in adduction

73
Q

What is the primary movement of LR?

A

Adduction

74
Q

What is the primary movement of MR?

A

Abdcuts

75
Q

What muscles does pure elevation require?

A

SR and IO

76
Q

What does CN V1, ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve supply?

A

Upper eyelid, cornea, sclera, conjunctiva, the bridge & tip of the nose.

77
Q

What does V2, the maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve.

A

Lower eyelid, maxilla, alae of the nose, skin and mucosa of the upper lip.

78
Q

What does V3, the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve supply?

A

TMJ - but not the angle of the mandible.

79
Q

What is the purpose of the corneal reflex?

A

It prevents eye from drying out.

80
Q

Describe the path of the sympathetic axons.

A

Originate in autonomic centres in brain, pass down spinal cord, exit between T1 and T12, travel into sympathetic chains, into spinal nerves and then into splanchnic nerves.

81
Q

Where do axons from the head and neck come from?

A

T1 spinal nerve

82
Q

Where do sympathetic axons synapse?

A

Superior sympathetic ganglion

83
Q

Which kind of muscle is the LPS?

A

Skeletal and smooth

84
Q

What are the three functions of the accommodation reflex?

A

Bilateral pupillary constriction, convergence of both eyes toward the midline, relaxation of the lens.

85
Q

What is the function of the lacrimal fluid?

A

To clean, nourish and hydrate the avascular cornea.

86
Q

Symptoms of raised ICP

A

Double vision, blurred vision, loss of vision and papilloedema.

87
Q

What are the three meninges?

A

Dura mater, arachnoid mater and pia

88
Q

What is the sensory supply of the dura mater?

A

CN V, trigeminal

89
Q

What space surrounds the brain and spinal cord?

A

Subarachnoid space

90
Q

At what level is a lumbar puncture performed?

A

L3/4/5

91
Q

At what level does the sub arachnoid space end?

A

S2

92
Q

How many ventricles are there and what are they called?

A

Left and right lateral ventricles, 3rd ventricle and 4th ventricle

93
Q

Within what structure us the 3rd ventricle?

A

Diencephalon

94
Q

Within what structures are the lateral ventricles?

A

Left and right cerebral hemisphere

95
Q

Describe the circulation of CSF.

A

Secreted by the choroid plexus, lateral ventricles, 3rd ventricles, cerebral aqueduct, 4th ventricle then into SA space and central canal

96
Q

The eye being “down and out” is a symptom of what?

A

CN III, oculomotor

97
Q

Name the four folds of dura mater.

A

Falx cerebri, tentorium cerebelli, falx cerebelli and diaphragm sellae

98
Q

Where is the falx cerebri and what does it contain?

A

It is in the midline, between cerebral hemispheres. Contains sagittal sinuses

99
Q

What does the tentorium cerebelli cover?

A

The posterior cranial fossa

100
Q

What passes through the tentorial notch?

A

Midbrain

Ophthalmology (2 decks)

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