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GI > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

At what vertebral level does the common carotid artery bifurcate? Note this all happens to be the level of the hyoid bone

A

C3

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2
Q

At what vertebral level is the sternal angle?

A

T4

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3
Q

At what vertebral level is the xiphoid process?

A

T9

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4
Q

What are the quadrants of the abdomen?

A

Right upper + lower

Left upper + lower

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5
Q

What are the 9 regions of the abdomen?

A

Right Hypocondriac-Epigastric-Left Hypocon.
Right Lumbar- umbilical- Left Lumbar
Right Iliac- Hypogastric- Left Iliac

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6
Q

What divides the lumbar from iliac and umbilical from hypogastric?

A

Transtubercular Line

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7
Q

What divides the hypochondriac from lumbar and epigastric from umbilical?

A

Subcostal Line

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8
Q

What line splits the abdomen twice vertically?

A

Midclavicular Lineq

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9
Q

What is the action and innervation of the External Oblique muscles?

A

\\- support abdominal viscera, flex + rotate trunk

Innervated thoraco-abdominal T7-11

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10
Q

What is the action and innervation of the Internal Oblique muscles?

A 
///- support abdominal viscera, flex + rotate trunk
Innervated Thoarco-subcostal lumbar T7-T12
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11
Q

What is the action and innervation of the Innermost Oblique muscles?

A

—- compress + support abdominal viscera

Innervated Thoraco-subcostal first lumbar T7-12

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12
Q

What is the action and innervation of the rectus abdomens?

A

|||- Flex trunk, compress abdominal viscera, control pelvic tilt
Innervated via Thoraco-abdominal + subcostal T7-T12

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13
Q

What is the function of the pyramidal?

A

Flexion + extension (inconsistent)

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14
Q

What is the rectus sheath?

A

Tough sheath enclosing the rectus abdomens + pyramidal muscles. Aponeurosis of transverse abdomena, external oblique, internal oblique

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15
Q

What vertebral level is the umbilicus?

A

L3-L4 (variable)

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16
Q

What are the 3 important dermatomes to remember?

A

T2- Sternal Angle
T4- Nipples
T10- Umbilicus

17
Q

What is a dermatome?

A

An area of skin supplied by a single spinal nerve

18
Q

What is the inguinal canal?

A

Formed during relocation of the gonads during foetal development (layers of the abdominal wall push through)

19
Q

How is the inguinal ligament attached to the body?

A

Anteriorly to superior iliac crest, pubic tubercule
And a deep inguinal ring superiorly (lateral to inferior epigastric vessels) and a superior inguinal ring inferiorly (superiolateral to pubic tubercle)

20
Q

What are the contents of the inguinal canals for the 2 genders?

A 
1. Female-
Round Ligament
Iiloinguinal Nerve
Genital branch of the genitofemoral nerve
2. Male
Spermatic Chord
Iiloinguinal Nerve
21
Q

What are the 3 types of abdominal hernias?

A
  1. Inguinal Hernia
    - indirect (most common)- weakness in deep inguinal ring- abdominal contents enter.
    - direct (1/3)- abdominal contents don’t pass through but push through a weak spot in the muscles so contents can enter and even pass through the superficial ring.
  2. Femoral- below inguinal ligament, abdominal contents go into femoral canal (more in females, strangulation risk high)
  3. Umbilical- abdominal contents pass through a weakness at site of passage of umbilical cord through abdominal wall.
22
Q

What are the 4 functional layers of the GI tract from internal to external?

A
  1. Mucosa- Epithelium, Lamina Propria, Muscularis Mucosae
  2. Submucosa
  3. Muscularis Propria (circular + longitudinal)
  4. Serosa/ Adventita (above diaphgram)
23
Q

What kind of epithelia is seen in the mouth, pharynx, oesophagus + anal canal?

A

Stratified squamous non-keratinized

24
Q

What kind of epithelia is seen in the stomach?

A

Simple columnar with tubular glands

25
Q

What kind of epithelia is found in the small intestine?

A

Vili with short glands- absorptive

26
Q

What kind of epithelia is found in the large intestine?

A

Closely packet straight glands with goblet cells (absorptive + protective)

27
Q

Where are Brunners glands found and what is their function?

A

Duodenum. Secrete mucin (alkaline) protecting cells form acid damage

28
Q

How is the GI tube closed at each end during embryological development?

A

Cranial End- Oropharyngeal membrane

Caudal End- Asacal membrane

29
Q

What parts of the GI tract does the foregut supply?

A
  1. Primordial pharynx + derivatives
  2. Lower respiratory tract
  3. Oesophagus
  4. Stomach
  5. Proximal part of duodenum
  6. Liver + biliary apparatus
30
Q

What parts of the GI tract does the midgut supply?

A
  1. Distal part of duodenum
  2. Jejunum
  3. Ileum
  4. Caeceum
  5. Appendix
  6. A. colon
  7. Proximal 2/3 of transverse colon
31
Q

What parts of the GI tract does the hindgut supply?

A
  1. Distal 2/3 of transverse colon
  2. Descending Colon
  3. Sigmoid Colon
  4. Rectum
  5. Upper part of anal canal
32
Q

What germ layer derivative does the GI tract come from?

A

ENDODERM (majority)

Mesoderm- kidneys, suprarenal + spleen

GI (6 decks)

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