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BMS 352 Forensic Anatomy > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What are the fontanelles of the skull ?

A
  1. Anterior
  2. Posterior
  3. sphenoidal
  4. Mastoid
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2
Q

When do fontanelles fuse ?

A

9-18 months

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3
Q

What are sutures ?

A

Left by fontanelles when they fuse

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4
Q

Name the 5 of the skull

A
  1. metopic- doesnt exist in most adults
  2. coronal
  3. squamous
  4. sagittal
  5. Lamboid
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5
Q

Craniostenosis

A

failure of the fontanelles to fuse

appearance depends on where there is a failure to fuse!

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6
Q

What bone structures dont stop growing?

A

the skull and maxilla

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7
Q

Main category differences between males and females

A 
Size
Robusticity 
Reproduction 
Bone Chemistry 
Behaviour
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8
Q

Typical accuracies for sex estimation

A

90-95% whole skeleton
90% pelvis
80% Cranium
70% Long bones

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9
Q

5 sex categories:

A 
Absolute male 
Absolute Female
Possible male
Possible Female 
indeterminate
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10
Q

How many diagnostic features are in the hip bone and Sacrum?

A

25

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11
Q

How many osteometric points are the ?

A

25

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12
Q

Female Skull Features :

A
  • Smaller/lighter
  • Rounded forehead
  • smooth Supraorbital ridge
  • Round Orbits
  • Sharp upper eye margins
  • Pointed chin
  • Sloping obtuse angle of the mandible
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13
Q

Male Skull Features :

A
  • Large/ Heavier
  • Sloping/less rounded
  • Prominent supraorbital ridge
  • Square Orbits
  • Blunt upper eye margins
  • Square Chin
  • Vertical angle of the mandible
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14
Q

Age estimation primarily based on

A
  • Growth and development of immature skeletons

- Degenerative change in adult skeletons

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15
Q

Errors in ageing increase with what ?

A

Age

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16
Q

Ageing methods in adults :

A
  1. Dental Occlusal Wear
  2. Pubic Symphysis metamorphosis
  3. Cranial suture closure
  4. Auricular surface metamorphosis
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17
Q

Dental occlusal wear:

A

caused by attrition, erosion and abrasion

  • accumulative
  • wear rates depend on diet, dental disease and non-dietary usage of the teeth
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18
Q

Miles ageing system :

A
  • in subadult mandibles the age at death is estimated from dental development
  • variation between individuals with teeth eruption
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19
Q

Age changes to pubic symphysis:

A

young -> horizontal grooves and ridges/ billowing
increase in age grooves are infilled and margins thicken to develop a rim
- Old -> Pitted/Porous/ Irregular margins

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20
Q

Auricular surface of the ilium :

A

stages are characterised by changes in transverse organisation, granulating, porosity and margins

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21
Q

Cranial suture closure:

A

cranial vault closure close between 30-50 years so effectiveness of method is limited

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22
Q

Changes in sternal ends of Ribs:

A

4-6
Young adults joint surfaces smooth, straight, walled / slightly indented
- increase in age > surface deeper and wider with scalloping of the walls

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23
Q

Microscopic age estimation :

A
  • Root dentine transparency
  • Cementum growth
  • Osteon accumulation
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24
Q

Estimation of age at death in immatures :

A

Standards based on :

  • Increase with age in linear bone dimensions
  • appearance and fusion of centres of ossification
  • Calcification, eruption and subsequent loss of deciduous teeth and their replacement by permanent teeth
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25
Q

Deciduous teeth Vs Permanent Teeth

A
  • Smaller size
  • Roots of anterior teeth narrow
  • Roots of posterior teeth flared to accommodate premolar crowns
  • Cemento-enamel junction is less sinuous
  • Pulp chambers are large with thinner primary dentine
  • Enamel wears quickly and prone to decay
  • Roots are resorbed prior to exfoliation of the crowns
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26
Q

How many bones are there in the human Skull ?

A

22

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27
Q

What bones are in the Neurocranium ?

A

8 in total

  • Frontal
  • Sphenoid
  • Ethmoid
  • Occipital
  • Temporal X2
  • Parietal X2
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28
Q

What are the bones of the Viscerocranium ?

A

14 in total

  • Mandible
  • Vomer
  • Nasal bones X2
  • Lacrimal bones X2
  • Zygomatic X2
  • Inferior Nasal Conchae X2
  • Palatine bones X2
  • Maxillae X2
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29
Q

Foramina of the skull-

A
  • Cribriform plate - CN1 Olfactory
  • Optic Canal- CN2 Optic
  • Superior Orbital Fissure - CN3 Oculomotor, CN4 Trochlear, CN5 Ophthalmic, CN6 Abducens
  • Foramen Rotundum -CN5 branch 2 Maxillary
  • Foramen Ovale - CN5 branch 3 Mandibular
  • Internal acoustic meatus - CN7 Facial , CN8 Vestibulocochlear
  • Jugular Foramen- CN9 Glosopharyngeal, CN10 Vagus , CN11 Accessory
  • Hypoglossal Canal - CN12 Hypoglossal
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30
Q

Osteometric points:

A
  • Glabella
  • Gnathion
  • Gonion
  • Labrale inferiorus
  • Mentolabial sulcus
  • Menton
  • Mid Nasal
  • Mid Philtrum
  • Mid Ramus
  • Pogonion
  • Prosthion
  • Rhinion
  • Subnasale
  • Vertex
  • Zygion
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31
Q

How many teeth do we have ?

A

32

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32
Q

4 types of teeth

A

incisors, Canines, Premolars and molars

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33
Q

Formation of teeth in the upper part of the oral cavity going from left to right looking at a person

A

M3, M2, M1, 2nd bicuspid, 1st bicuspid, cuspid, lateral incisor, centra incisor- Central incisor, Lateral incisor, cuspid, 1st bicuspid, 2nd bicuspid, M1,M2, M3

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34
Q

Vestibule

A

Between teeth and inner lining of the lips

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35
Q

How many surfaces are there of the teeth?

A

5

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36
Q

Different surfaces of the tooth

A
  • Incisal
  • Occlusal
  • Mesial
  • Distal
  • Buccal
  • Palatal
  • Lingual
  • Labial
  • Cervical
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37
Q

Incisal

A

Biting edge of incisors and canines

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38
Q

Occlusal

A

Biting surface of pre molars and molars

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39
Q

Mesial

A

Surface of any tooth nearest to the midline

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40
Q

Distal

A

surface of any tooth furthest from the mid line

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41
Q

Buccal

A

Surface facing the cheeks (Premolars/molars)

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42
Q

Palatal

A

Surface of the teeth facing the palate of the upper teeth

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43
Q

Lingual

A

Surface facing the tongue

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44
Q

Labial

A

surface facing lips (Incisors and canines)

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45
Q

Cervical

A

Part of tooth next to gingival (gum) margin

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46
Q

3 sections of a tooth

A

Crown, Neck and root

47
Q

Dental Charting

A 
4 quadrants - upper right, upper left 
lower right, lower left 
Fracture- hashtag 
Gone-- 
Present - X
48
Q

Permanent Teeth

A

Larger and cervical necks straight and more in line with the root
- Pulpal chambers are smaller and crowns larger in proportion with the roots

49
Q

Sex Estimation in Adults

A
  1. morphological traits of the skull
  2. morphological traits of the pelvis
  3. Discriminant Function analysis of hip bone
  4. Post cranial skeleton
50
Q

Nuchal Crest

A
  • Males pointy/ ridged

- Females smooth

51
Q

Mastoid process

A
  • Male big and rounded

- female small and not very prominent

52
Q

Orbital margin

A
  • Males big and rounded

- females pointy

53
Q

Supraorbital ridge

A
  • males prominent and angular

- females Smooth

54
Q

Mental eminence

A
  • Males up and pointy
55
Q

Frontal slope

A

Males- Inclined

Females-Vertical

56
Q

Traits of the male pelvis

A
  • Prominent muscle attachments
  • High and narrow
  • Narrow heart shaped pelvic inlet
  • Iliac blade more lateral
  • V shaped acute sciatic notch
  • Tall pubic symphysis
  • sub-pubic angle narrow and V shaped
  • Acetabulum large and lateral
57
Q

Traits of the female pelvis

A
  • Slight muscle attachments
  • Broad and narrow
  • Broad and oval
  • iliac blade flared laterally
  • U shaped/obtuse sciatic notch
  • short pubic symphysis
  • Broad U shaped pubic symphysis
  • Acetabulum small and anterolaterally
58
Q

Discriminant Function Analysis of hip bone measurements

A

I ischial length upper rim of acetabulum to lower margin of ischial tuberosity
A Acetabulum diameter
P Pubic length, upper margin of pubic symphysis to nearest rim of acetabulum

59
Q

DF value Male or female ?

A

neagtive female

positive male

60
Q

DF Accuracy

A

98% accuracy but may be population differences

61
Q

Post cranial skeleton measurements

A 
Scapula - glenoid cavity 
Humerus- head diameter 
Humerus- epicondylar diameter 
Radius- Diameter of head 
Radius- Transverse diameter 
Femur- Head diameter 
Femur- Condylar breadth
62
Q

Age estimation in perinatal and foetal

A
  • Regression analysis
  • Diaphyseal femur length
  • Diaphyseal Tibia Length
  • Diaphyseal Humerus length
63
Q

Age estimation from dental development

A
  • Calcification and emergence of deciduous teeth
  • Root resorption and exfoliation of deciduous teeth
  • Calcification and emergence of permanent teeth
  • Refer to dental chart
64
Q

Taphonomy

A
  • Modern vs Archaeological
  • Animal vs human
  • Examination for potential trauma e.g Gnawing, trampling and cutting
  • Surface preservation level- Grade 0-5
65
Q

Superior Facial Muscles

A
  • Frontalis
  • Orbicularis Oculi
  • Nasalis
  • Zygomatic minor
  • Zygomatic Major
  • Orbicularis Oris
  • Risorius
  • Platysma
66
Q

Deep muscles of the Face

A
  • Temporalis
  • Corrugator supercii
  • Procerus
  • Levator Labii superioris
  • Levator anguli oris
  • Masseter
  • Buccinator
  • Depressor anguli oris
  • Depressor Labii inferioris
67
Q

Branches of the facial nerve

A
  • Temporal
  • Zygomatic
  • Buccal
  • Mandibular
  • Cervical
68
Q

Glabella

A

on the forehead between the eyebrows

69
Q

Vertex

A

Top of the skull

70
Q

Naison

A

top of the nose

71
Q

Mid-Nasal

A

middle of the nose

72
Q

Rhinion

A

tip of the nose (Rhino)

73
Q

Subnasale

A

Below the nose

74
Q

Mid philtrum

A

Between bottom of the nose and top of the lip

-Cupid bow

75
Q

Prosthion

A

top of teeth/top of the lip

76
Q

Labale inferioris

A
  • bottom of the bottom lip
77
Q

Mento labial sulcus

A

Where the bottom of the lip attached in the inside of the mouth

78
Q

Pogonion

A

Most anterior chin point

79
Q

Gnathion

A

tip of the chin

80
Q

Menton

A

Lowest inferior border of the mandible

81
Q

Gonion

A

Tip of jaw at the back (Angle of the Jaw)

82
Q

CN 1 Olfactory goes through what foramina ?

A

Cribriform Plate

83
Q

CN 2 Optic goes through what foramina ?

A

Optic Canal

84
Q

CN 3 Oculomotor goes through what foramina ?

A

Superior orbital fissure

85
Q

CN 4 Trochlear goes through what foramina ?

A

Superior Orbital fissure

86
Q

CN5 Trigeminal Goes through what foramina?

A 
Opthalamic branch goes through- Superior orbital fissure
Maxillary branch (2)- Foramen Rotundum 
Mandibular branch (3)-  Foramen Ovale
87
Q

CN6 Abducens goes through what foramina ?

A

Superior Orbital fissure

88
Q

CN 7 Facial goes through what foramina ?

A

Internal Acoustic Meatus

89
Q

CN 8 Vestibulocochlear goes through what foramina ?

A

Internal acoustic Meatus

90
Q

CN9 Glossopharyngeal goes through what foramina ?

A

Jugular Foramen

91
Q

CN 10 Vagus goes through what foramina ?

A

Jugular Foramen

92
Q

CN 11 Acessory goes through what foramina ?

A

Jugular Foramen

93
Q

CN 12 Hypoglossal goes through what foramina ?

A

Hypoglossal Canal

94
Q

Osteometric point Mnemonic

A

Very Good Nuns Make Really Silly Metal Penises Like Many People, Good Men Go Missing

95
Q

Mnemonic for Deep muscles of the face

A

The Clouds Look Like More Predictable Black Dark Days

96
Q

Orbicularis oris

A

kissing muscle- purses or puckers the lips

97
Q

Facial artery

A

Branch of ht external carotid. Laterally sit sin the groove posterior to submandibular gland

98
Q

Risorius origin

A

originates from fascia attached to the parotid gland and inserts into modiolus. the modiolus is the collection of muscles at the corner o f the mouth.

99
Q

masseter

A

Strongest muscle. it elevates and protracts the mandible in parallel with the medial pterygoid gland

100
Q

Submandibular gland

A

Below the jaw

101
Q

Insertion point of the temporalis and masseter

A

Coronoid process of the mandible

102
Q

Bells palsy

A

Dysfunction of the facial nerve, results in twitching, weakness or complete loss of movement. Reversible

103
Q

Orbicularis Oculi

A

The orbicularis oculi muscle surrounds the eye socket and extends into the eyelid. It has three distinct parts – palpebral, lacrimal and orbital.

Attachments – Originates from the medial orbital margin, the medial palpebral ligament, and the lacrimal bone. It then inserts into the skin around the margin of the orbit, and the superior and inferior tarsal plates.

Actions:
Palpebral part – gently closes the eyelids.
Lacrimal part – involved in the drainage of tears.
Orbital part – tightly closes the eyelids.

Innervation – Facial nerve (CN VII, temporal and zygomatic branches)

104
Q

Corrugator Supercilii

A

The corrugator supercilii is a much smaller muscle, and is located posteriorly to the orbicularis oculi muscle.

Attachments – Originates from the superciliary arch, running in a superolateral direction. Inserts into the skin of the eyebrow.

Actions – Acts to draw the eyebrows together, creating vertical wrinkles on the bridge of the nose.
Innervation – Facial nerve

105
Q

Nasalis

A

The nasalis is the largest of the nasal muscles. It is split into two parts; transverse and alar.

Attachments: Both portions of the muscle originate from the maxilla. The transverse part attaches to an aponeurosis across the dorsum of the nose. The alar portion of the muscle attaches to the alar cartilage of the nasal skeleton.
Actions: The two parts have opposing functions. The transverse part compresses the nares, and the alar part opens the nares.
Innervation: Facial nerve.

106
Q

Procerus

A

The procerus is the most superior of the nasal muscles. It also lies superficially to the other muscles of facial expression.

Attachments: It originates from the nasal bone, inserting into the lower medial forehead.
Actions: Contraction of this muscle pulls the eyebrows downward to produce transverse wrinkles over the nose.
Innervation: Facial nerve.

107
Q

Oribicularis Oris

A

The fibres of the orbicularis oris enclose the opening to the oral cavity.

Attachments: Arises from the maxilla and from the other muscles of the cheek. It inserts into the skin and mucous membranes of the lips.
Action: Purses the lips.
Innervation: Facial nerve.

108
Q

Buccinator

A

This muscle is located between the mandible and maxilla, deep to the other muscles of the face.

Attachments: It originates from the maxilla and mandible. The fibres run in an inferomedial medial direction, blending with the orbicularis oris and the skin of the lips.
Actions: The buccinator pulls the cheek inwards against the teeth, preventing accumulation of food in that area.
Innervation: Facial nerve.

109
Q

Masseter

A

The masseter muscle is the most powerful muscle of mastication. It is quadrangular in shape, and can be split into two parts; deep and superficial.

The entirety of the muscle lies superficially to the pterygoids and temporalis, covering them.

Attachments: The superficial part originates from maxillary process of the zygomatic bone. The deep part originates from the zygomatic arch of the temporal bone. Both parts attach to the ramus of the mandible.
Actions: Elevates the mandible, closing the mouth.
Innervation: Mandibular nerve (V3).

110
Q

Temporalis

A

Attachments: Originates from the temporal fossa. It condenses into a tendon, which inserts onto the coronoid process of the mandible.
Actions: Elevates the mandible, closing the mouth. Also retracts the mandible, pulling the jaw posteriorly.
Innervation: Mandibular nerve (V3).

111
Q

Medial Pterygoid

A

Attachments: The superficial head originates from the maxillary tuberosity and the pyramidal process of palatine bone. The deep head originates from the lateral pterygoid plate of the sphenoid bone. Both parts attach to the ramus of the mandible, near the angle of mandible.
Actions: Elevates the mandible, closing the mouth.
Innervation: Mandibular nerve (V3).

112
Q

Lateral Pterygoid

A

Attachments: The superior head originates from the greater wing of the sphenoid. The inferior head originates from the lateral pterygoid plate of the sphenoid. The two heads converge into a tendon, which attaches to the neck of the mandible.
Actions: Acting bilaterally, the lateral pterygoids protract the mandible, pushing the jaw forwards. Unilateral action produces the ‘side to side’ movement of the jaw.
Innervation: Mandibular nerve (V3).

113
Q

Deciduous

A
  1. Pulp chambers are wider and more vascularised
  2. smaller and enamel is whiter and opaque
  3. More bulbous and cervical junction more pronounced
  4. Roots are shorter and narrower and they feature resorption of the roots.
114
Q

Permanent Teeth

A
  1. Larger and the cervical necks straight and more in line with the roots
  2. Pulpal chambers are smaller and crowns larger in proportion with the roots

BMS 352 Forensic Anatomy (1 decks)

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