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Anatomy Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the names of the 3 pairs of jaw closing muscles?

A
  • masseter
  • temporalis
  • medial pterygoid
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2
Q

Name of the muscle responsible for opening the jaw?

A
  • lateral pterygoid

- (horizontal muscle)

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3
Q

opening the mouth is supplied by what nerve?

A
  • trigeminal nerve

- CN V3

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4
Q

What are the names of the 3 major salivary glands?

A
  • parotid
  • submandibular
  • sublingual
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5
Q

the CN V2 is a _______ nerve?

A
  • sensory

- trigeminal

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6
Q

The purpose of the gag reflex

A
  • protective reflex

- constrict the pharynx

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7
Q

Sensory part of the posterior oral cavity is supplied by what nerve?

A
  • CN IX
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8
Q

The motor part of the gag reflex is supplied by what nerve?

A
  • CN IX and CN X
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9
Q

The posterior part of the tongue can also be called the____

A
  • anterior wall of the oral pharynx
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10
Q

What are the functions able to be preformed by CN VII

A
  • Special sensory
  • sensory
  • motor
  • parasympathetic
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11
Q

Where does CN VII originate in the skull?

A
  • pontomedullary junction
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12
Q

Which cranial nerve supplies the sublingual salivary gland?

A
  • CN VII
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13
Q

What gland does CN IX supply?

A
  • parotid gland
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14
Q

What nerve supplies the tongue muscles, except palatoglossus?

A
  • CN XII
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15
Q

Name of the muscle responsible for changing the shape of the tongue?

A
  • skeletal intrinsic muscle

- lies dorsally

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16
Q

Name of the oesophageal sphincter muscle and where is it located?

A
  • cricopharyngeus

- Located at C6

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17
Q

The oesophagus is a continuation of the _____

A
  • laryngoparynx
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18
Q

The oesophagus is a muscular tube

True/false

A
  • TRUE

- if nothing if going down it, it will be closed, walls collapse in on itself

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19
Q

To speed up the movement of the oesophagus what system is involved?

sympathetic or parasympathetic?

A
  • parasympathetic

- remember parasympathetic is rest and digest, digestion is promoted

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20
Q

The oesophagus is ____ to the trachea?

  • anterior or posterior?
A
  • posterior
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21
Q

Oesophagus goes through the diaphragm at what level?

A
  • T 10

- oesophagus (10 letters)

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22
Q

Inferior vena cava passes diaphragm at what level?

A
  • T8

- Vena cava (8 letters)

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23
Q

What is the line called between the oesophagus and the stomach?

A
  • Z line
  • or gastro-oesophagel junction
  • complete change in mucosa lining
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24
Q

What are the 3 parts of the Small intestine?

A
  • duodenum
  • jejnum
  • ileum
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25
What is the large intestine made up of?
- colon - rectum - anal canal - anus
26
What are the 3 areas of the abdominal organs?
- forgut - midgut - hindgut
27
What makes up the foregut?
- oesophagus to mid-duodenum | - liver gallbladder spleen and 1/2 of pancreas
28
What makes up the midgut?
- mid-duodenum, to proximal 2/3rd of transverse colon | - 1/2 of the pancreas
29
What is the peritoneum?
- thin, transparent, semi-permeable serous membrane - secretes parietal - parietal peritoneum - visceral peritoneum
30
What does intraperitoneal mean?
- fully wrapped in peritoneum
31
What does with a mesentery mean?
- double layer of peritoneum
32
What does rectoperitoneal mean?
- covered anterior
33
How are the intestines mobile?
- due to the mesentery (double layer of peritoneum )
34
What Is the Greater omentum?
- 4 layer fold | - there are blood vessels, nerves, lymphatics
35
Wha is the lesser omentum?
- smaller than the greater omentum | - is its behind the stomach
36
What are the two peritoneum pouches in a female?
- recto-uterine pouch | - vesico-uterine pouch
37
What is ascitic fluid and how do you treat?
- excess fluid within the peritoneal cavity as a result of pathology - paracentesis
38
Irritated diaphragm where might the pain be referred?
- the shoulders | - phrenic nerve supplies both areas
39
Where can sympathetic nerves leave the central nervous system?
- T5 and L2 | - except for the adrenal gland
40
What is different for the adrenal glands?
- the sympathetic nerves synapse at the adrenal gland itself | - leave the central nervous system at T10-L1
41
What does the vagal nerve supply in the parasympathetic pathway? what then takes over?
- from the brain to the distal end of the transverse colon | - the pelvic splanchnic nerve takes control past the colon
42
Pain in the epigastric region, what organs may be effected?
- the foregut
43
Pain in the umbilical region, what organs may be effected?
- midgut
44
Pain in the pubic region, what organs may be effected?
- hindgut
45
Foregut organs pain will enter the spinal cord at what region?
- T6-T9
46
Midgut organs pain will enter the spinal cord at what region?
- T8-T12
47
Hindgut organs pain will enter the spinal cord at what region?
- T10-L2
48
What is bilirubin?
- normal by-product of the breakdown of red blood cells
49
Where does the breakdown of red blood cells occur?
- spleen
50
What is bilirubin used for?
- formation of bile | - in the liver
51
What is the gallbladders role in terms of bile?
- storage and concentration of bile
52
What does the pancreas do?
- excretes digestive enzymes into the 2nd part of the duodenum - necessary for the digestion of food
53
Where is the portal triad found?
- free edge of the lesser omentum
54
What is the portal triad composed of?
- hepatic artery - hepatic portal vein - common bile duct
55
What is the name of the first of the three midline branches of the abdominal aorta?
- celiac trunk
56
What is the role of the celiac trunk?
- supplies organs of the foregut
57
What are the 3 trifurcates of the celiac trunk?
- splenic artery - hepatic artery - left gastric artery
58
What is the function of the spleen?
- within the haematological system | - breaks down red blood cells to produce bilirubin
59
What ribs protect the spleen?
- ribs 9-11
60
What side of the stomach does the right and left gastric arteries run?
- along the lesser curvature of the stomach
61
What side of the stomach does the right and left gastro-omental arteries run?
- along the greater curvature of the stomach
62
What occurs in the liver?
- conversion of bilirubin to bile
63
What ribs protect the liver?
- 7-11
64
What are the names of the 2 clinically important peritoneal cavities?
- Hepatorenal recess (Morison's pouch) --> 1 of the lowest | - sub-phrenic recess
65
What is the name of the neck of the gallbladder where bile flows out of?
- cystic duct
66
If there is inflammation in the gallbladder, where might pain be felt?
- visceral afferents - early - epigastric region - hypochondrium - may have pain referral to the right shoulder
67
What is the clinical appearance of jaundice and why?
- yellowing of the sclera/skin - caused by increase in the blood levels of bilirubin - may be due to an obstruction of the biliary tree
68
What does the central vein in the liver drain?
- collects cleaned blood and drains into the hepatic veins
69
The right and left hepatic ducts unite to form what?
- common hepatic duct
70
Common hepatic duct unites with the cystic duct to form what?
- common bile duct
71
The bile duct drains into what part of the duodenum?
- 2nd part of the duodenum
72
The bile duct unites with what before draining into the duodenum?
- main pancreatic duct | - forms the ampulla of Vater
73
Bile drains from what into the duodenum from the ampulla of Vater?
- major duodenal papilla
74
What sphincter is responsible for bile drainage into the duodenum?
- sphincter of Oddi
75
What are the consequences of an obstructed biliary tree?
- back flow of bile into the liver - overspill into the blood - jaundice
76
What are the regions of the pancreas?
- head ('c-shaped duodenum') - neck - body - tail
77
The pancreas is a _______ organ?
- rectroperitoneal
78
What is the sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves of the pancreas?
- s - abdominoplevic splanchnic nerve | - p- vagus nerve
79
Where might pancreatic pain be felt?
- epigastric / umbilical | - may radiate to the back
80
What are the 4 parts of the duodenum?
- superior - descending - horizontal - ascending
81
What does the duodenum secrete?
- peptide hormones | - gastrin , CCK
82
Where does the ileum end?
- ileocaecal junction
83
How does the mucosa differ between the ileum and the jejunum?
- jejunum (more folds) - ileum much smoother - jejunum more fat and thicker walled
84
How are fats within chylomicrons absorbed?
- absorbed from the intestinal cells into specialised lymphatic vessels - travel via lymphatic system and drain at left venous angle
85
What are the 4 lymphatics of the abdomen?
- celiac - superior mesenteric - inferior mesenteric - lumbar
86
How many paracolic gutters are there? and what is their clinical importance?
- there are 2 paracolic gutters | - they are important as they can collect pus during infection
87
What is teniae coli?
- 3 distinct longitudinal bands of thickened smooth muscle
88
what lies more superiorly? the splenic flexure or hepatic flexure?
- the splenic flexure lies more superiorly
89
What is sigmoid volvulus and what can it lead to?
- twitting of the sigmoid colon - can result in bowel obstruction and infarction - the sigmoid colon is highly mobile
90
What are the 3 midline branches of the abdominal aorta?
- celiac trunk - superior mesenteric artery - inferior mesenteric artery
91
what is formed when the abdominal aorta bifrucates?
- forms common iliacs
92
What arterial anastomoses can help protect against intestinal ischaemia?
- marginal artery of Drummond
93
After the distal midpoint of anal canal, what is the arterial blood supply provided by?
- internal iliac artery
94
Define haematemesis
- vomiting blood
95
What may be the clinical appearance of portal hypertension?
- oesophageal varices - caput medusae (dilated epigastric veins) - rectal varices
96
What is faecal continence?
- the control of the excretion of faeces
97
What is faecal continence composed of?
- holding area - visceral afferent nerves - muscle sphincters - cerebral function
98
What may affect faecal continence?
- neurological pathology - medications - age related degeneration - consistency of stool
99
What is the name given to the pelvic floor muscle?
- Levator Ani
100
At what spinal level does the sigmoid colon become the rectum?
- S3
101
The rectal ampulla lies _____ to the levator and muscle?
- superiorly
102
What type of muscle is the levator ani?
- skeletal
103
What muscle is part of the levator and that works to decrease the anorectal angle>
- puborectalis
104
What are the names of the anal sphincters?
- internal anal sphincter | - external anal sphincter
105
Explain the internal anal sphincter?
- smooth muscle - superior two thirds of anal canal - contraction stimulated by sympathetic nerves
106
Explain the external anal sphincter?
- skeletal muscle - inferior two thirds - contraction stimulated by the pudendal nerve
107
What levels does the sympathetic nerves come out in rectum/anal canal?
- T12-L2
108
What levels does the parasympathetic nerves come out in the rectum/anal canal
- s2-s4
109
What may occur during labour?
- fibres within the puborectalis or external anal sphincter may be torn - pudenal nerve may be stretched
110
What does the pectinate line mark?
- the junction between the endoderm and the ectoderm
111
What nerve supply is above the pectinate line?
- autonomic
112
What nerve supply is below the pectinate line?
- somatic | - pudendal
113
Where does the internal iliac drain?
- inferior pelvic structures
114
Where does the external iliac drain?
- lower limbs and superior pelvic structures
115
Where does the common iliac drain?
- drains lymph from the external and internal iliac nodes
116
What is venous drainage above the pectinate line?
- inferior mesenteric vein
117
What is venous drainage below the pectinate line?
- the internal iliac vein
118
What is an ischioanal abscess?
- infection within the ischioanal fossa
119
Define herniation
- any structure passing through another | - but ending up in the wrong place
120
What 2 factors are required for a hernia to be formed?
- structural weakness | - increased pressure
121
What is structural weakness that may cause a hernia?
- diaphragm - umbilicus - inguinal canal - femoral canal - surgical scars
122
What increased pressures may cause a hernia?
- chronic cough - pregnancy - staining during bowel movements
123
Where anatomically is the inguinal region?
- hip crease
124
What is the linea alba?
- mid line of the body
125
What is the linea semilunaris?
- separates the anterior and lateral abdomen.
126
What is the order of the muscles from the external to the deep abdominal muscles?
- external oblique muscle - internal oblique muscle - transversus abdominis muscle
127
What is the lnguinal ligament?
- boundary between the abdomen and the thigh | - inferior thickening of the external oblique muscle
128
What lies above and below the inguinal ligament?
- above = inguinal canal | - below = sublingual space
129
What is the entrance and exit of the inguinal canal?
- entrance = deep inguinal ring | - exit = superficial inguinal ring
130
What does the inguinal canal contain?
- spermatic cord - round ligament of uterus - blood and lymph vessels ilioinguinal nerve
131
Where is the Hesselbach's triangle locates?
- posterior surface of anterior lateral abdominal wall
132
What are the 3 sides of in inguinal triangle?
- inguinal ligament - lateral border of rectus abdominis - inferior epigastric artery
133
Explain a direct inguinal hernia
- directly through the abdominal wall - weakness in the floor of inguinal canal - lies parallel to the spermatic cord
134
Explain an indirect inguinal hernia?
- uses inguinal canal and deep inguinal ring | - within the spermatic cord
135
What is the name given to the anatomical weakness in which hernias may be found?
- myopectineal orficie
136
Types of hernias?
- epigastric - umbilical - inguinal - femoral - lumbar - spigelian
137
What are the 3 classifications of a hernia?
- reducible - incarcerated / irreducible - strangulated
138
Define a reducible hernia?
- hernia can be easily pushed back into the abdomen
139
Define a incarcerated or irreducible hernia?
- when a hernia cannot be manipulated back to the abdomen
140
Define a strangulated hernia?
- vascular supply to the contents contained within the hernia is compromised, resulting in ischaemic and gangrenous tissue
141
Explain an epigastric hernia?
- fascial defect in the linea alba between the xiphoid process and the umbilicus
142
What is a sphincter?
- muscle completely encricles the lumen of the tract
143
What is ERCP used for?
- to investigate the pancreas and biliary tree - bile stones can be removed - endoscope place in oral cavity, and dye injected into major duodenal papilla
144
Explain the journey of absorpbed fats in the small intestine
- bile helps absorb - absorbed into intestinal cells then into specailised lympathic vessels - lacteals - carried in lymphatic circulation - drain into left venous angle
145
What are lacteals?
- specailsed lympathic vessels which fat drain into
146
What is portal systemic anastomoses and where is it seen?
- anastomoses between portal and systemic venous systems - oesophagus - umbilicus - rectum/anal canal
147
What drains the superior aspect of the anal canal and inferior?
- superior --> inferior mesenteric vein | - inferior --> internal ileac vein
148
Where is caput medusae seen?
- epigastric region | - dilation of collateral veins
149
What are haemorrhoids?
- prolapse of rectal venous plexus | - due to raised pressure, e.g. constipation, straining or pregnancy

GI (36 decks)

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