Median sagittal plane
lies in the midline and divides body into right and left halves
Coronal plane
cuts body into anterior and posterior halves
Transverse/axial plane
cuts body into superior and inferior halves
Oblique plane
cuts axially at an angle
Anterior?
Posterior?
near front
near back
Superior/cranial/rostral=
Inferior/caudal=
Near top (head) near bottom (soles of feet)
medial
lateral
towards midline
away from midline
proximal
distal
nearer attachment of limb
further from attachment of limb
superficial
deep
closer to surface of body
further from surface of body
external
internal
further from centre of body
nearer to centre of body
major
minor
big
small
unilateral
only present on one side of the body
bilateral
present on both sides of the body
midline
single structure found in the midline/medial plane
ipsilateral
structure that lies on the same side of the body as the other structure being compared to
contralateral
structure that lies on the opposite side of the body as the other being compared to
Dorsal
posterior surfaces of wrist/hand/tongue/foot
opposite terms of dorsal
anterior: volar=wrist palmar= hand ventral=tongue plantar=foot
Flexion
extension
decreasing angle
increasing angle
abduction
adduction
movement away from body
movement towards body
internal/medial
external/lateral
rotation towards from the median plane
rotation away from median plane
circumduction
circular motion of a joint
eversion
inversion
sole of foot rotates away form median plane
sole of foot rotates towards median plane
pronation
supination
anterior surface rotates so that the palm of the hands faces posteriorly
movement back to anatomical position
extension
flexion
thumb away laterally in the coronal plane
folding thumb across palm
opposition
reposition
thumb touches little finger
returning thumb to anatomical position
3 components of cardiovascular system + functions
arterial system (oxygenated blood leaving the heart) heart (pump) venous system (deoxygenated blood returning to heart)
what are the 2 main circulations?
- pulmonary circulation
2. systemic circulation
what sequence does blood flow through the SYSTEMIC circulation system?
LV -> LA -> body capillary beds -> RV -> LV -> lung
ie LEFT BODY RIGHT LUNG
what sequence does blood flow through the PULMONARY circulation system?
RA -> RV -> LUNG -> LA -> LV -> BODY
ie RIGHT LUNG LEFT BODY
where is the heart located?
in thoracic cavity
deep in the sternum
deep to costal cartilages
between the lungs mediastinum
what is the mediastinum?
the area which lies between the lungs and is divided into superior and inferior
what is another word for heart contraction?
systole
what is another word for heart relaxation?
diastole
what is the pericardium?
tissue which surrounds the heart which has 2 layers: fibrous/ serous
describe what the fibrous layer of the heart is like
tough which outer layer preventing over filling
describe what the serous layer of the heart is like
inner membrane which secretes fluid
what is visceral?
touching the heart
what is parietal
on the outside
what is the sequence of heart contractions
atria then ventricle
right side of the heart carries what type of blood
deoxygenated/ venous blood from systemic circulation
left side of the heart carries what type of blood
oxygenated/ arterial blood from pulmonary circulation
What are the 3 layers of the heart called?
Epicardium
myocardium
endocardium
describe the epicardium
a serous membrane that forms the innermost layer of the pericardium and the outer surface of the heart.
external layer - visceral serous pericardium
describe the myocardium
the muscular tissue of the heart.
cardiac muscle layer (left is thicker than right)
describe the endocardium
internal lining
the thin, smooth membrane which lines the inside of the chambers of the heart and forms the surface of the valves.
continuous with the endothelium of blood vessels connecting the heart
what is dividing the sides of the heart?
a septum (3 septums eg atrioventricular)
anatomically, where are the chambers of the heart located
RA- right border of heart
RV- anterior surface
LA- posterior surface
LV- left border
what are the 5 great vessels?
Aorta superior vena cava inferior vena cava pulmonary trunk pulmonary veins
what do the valves provide?
a unidirectional blood flow
name the 4 valves
mitral (bicuspid)
tricuspid
pulmonary
aortic
what feature of the heart forms an electrical insulator, separating conducting impulses of atria and ventricles
fibrous skeleton
describes the 4 steps in the conduction system of the heart
- electrical impulse begins at the SA node (pacemaker cells) and travel through cardiac muscle of the atria
- impulses travels to AV node at the atrioventricular septum
- travels down right and left bundles in the inter ventricular septum
- spreads out to myocardium through conducting fibres called Purkinje fibres causing both ventricles to contract
what is the SA node?
sinoatrial node is a group of cells located in the wall of the RA they have the ability to spontaneously produce an electrical impulse causing the heart to contract
what is the AV node?
atrioventricular node top of the heart connect aria and ventricles lies on the lower back section of interatrial septum near the opening of the coronary sinus and conducts the normal electrical impulse from the atria to the ventricles
What are the 3 layers vessels are composed of?
Tunica intima, tunica media, tunica adventita
describe the tunica intima?
internal layer - endothelium
describe the tunica media
middle layer - smooth muscles and elastic fibres
describe the tunica adventita
external layer - connective tissue
what is the lumen
the space through which blood travels
list the 5 features of arteries
- part of the neuromuscular bundle
- can withstand high pressure >120/80 mmHg
- round lumen
- carry oxygenated blood
- pulsatile
what is the name for when arteries divide into 2 terminal branches?
bifurcation or trifurcate if it is divided into 3 terminal branches
proximal/distal
closer to heart/further away
what does the term common and trunk indicate
the named artery with definitely divide again
what does supply a territory mean?
region of the body supplied by a single artery and its branches
what are small veins called
venules
what are narrower than arteries and closer to capillary beds
arterioles
what is vasodilation
relaxation of smooth muscle and widening of the lumen to increase blood flow to the organ/tissue supplied
what is vasoconstriction
contraction of smooth muscle to reduce blood flow to organ/tissue supplied
what is sympathetic tone
background low level of contraction of smooth muscle in arterioles due to continuous (tonic) conduction of action potentials to arterioles by sympathetic nerves
what can arteriolar smooth muscle contraction help do?
helps reduce blood loss following an injury (vessel in spasm)
What is an anastomosis
where arteries connect with each other without an intervening capillary network - provides an alternative routes for blood to flow to supply the cells distal to an arterial occlusion (blockage)
what is the circle of willis
arterial anastomoses of the brain - can help prevent a cerebrovascular accident (stroke)
what are alternative routes in an anastomoses
known as collateral arteries or circulation - one disadvantage is that collateral arteries bleed from both sides of a cut so the haemorrhage can be worse
what is an end artery
the only arterial blood supply to a given area of the body ie no collateral vessels, anastomosis don’t exist therefore area beyond suffers
how does infarction happen
untreated occlusions of an end artery results in infection of its territory
what is infarction?
irreversible cell death due to hypoxia ie lack of oxygen to cells
myocardial infarction
occlusion of coronary artery ie heart attack
What are the features of the AORTA?
all the systemic blood enters aorta first
receives blood at high pressure during systole
elastic walls expand under this pressure
elastic recoil maintains peripheral flow when the heart relaxes (diastole)
many branches which supply the whole body
what are the 4 parts of the aorta and their associated number of branches
- ascending aorta (2 branches L and R coronary artery)
- arch of the aorta (3 branches)
- thoracic aorta (numerous)
- abdominal aorta (3 unpaired midline branches and several paired bilateral branches)
Name the 3 branches of the aortic arch
- Brachiocephalic trunk (on RIGHT side of body bifurcates to provide blood flow to arm and head)
- LEFT common carotid artery
- LEFT subclavian artery (runs below clavicle)
name the main vessels that come from the left subclavian artery
left subclavian -> left axillary artery -> left brachial artery (ant to elbow joint the brachial artery bifurcates to give 2 branches) -> 1. left radial artery 2. left ulnar artery
name the main vessels the abdominal aorta bifurcates into
left and right common iliac artery -> then both of these arteries bifurcates into two external/internal left or right iliac arteries
peripheral pulses
- Carotid pulse: at the bifurcation of the common carotid artery
- Brachial artery pulse: anterior to the elbow joint
- Radial artery pulse: radial side of the palmar aspect of the wrist
- Femoral artery pulse: the continuation of the external iliac artery in the midpoint of the groin
- Popliteal artery pulse: posterior to the knee joint
- Dorsalis pedis artery pulse: on the dorsum of the foot
key features of veins?
run in the neurovascular bundle carry deoxygenated blood low pressure/non-pulsatile drain blood from territory venules and veins merge like tributaries thin walled so can collapse when empty valves to stop back flow
3 components for venous return
- venous valves (ensures unidirectional flow back to the heart against gravity)
- skeletal muscle pump (contraction of skeletal muscles in lower limb)
- van commitantes (accompanying veins) - artery surrounded by 2 veins, artery pulsates to help venous return
what are the two sets of veins in the body
superficial
deep
what are superficial veins
smaller and run within superficial fascia then drain into deep veins
what are deep veins
larger and run deep to the deep fascia and in cavities often in neurovascular bundles
what are the 2 main venous systems
hepatic portal venous system (hepatic portal vein)
systemic venous system (inferior vena cava)
what does the hepatic portal venous system do?
drains venous blood from absorptive parts of the GI tract & associated organs to the liver for cleaning
what does the systemic venous system
drains venous blood from all other organs and tissues into the superior or inferior vena cava
Features of capillaries
form extensive vascular networks
lined with single layer of endothelium
narrow lumen only allowing one RBC (erythrocyte) through at a time
allow gas exchange/metabolites/waste products
what sequence does blood flow through vessels?
large arteries, small arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, small veins, large veins
what is lymphatic drainage
how infection and cancer can spread
features of the lymphatic system
- lymphatic capillaries collect tissue fluid that normally leaks out when blood flow through capillary beds
- fluid is called lymph
- lymph is carries through lymph nodes (contain WBC to filter out foreign particles and fight infection /cancer
- lymph is returned to the central veins in the root of the neck
where does the right lymphatic duct drain lymph into
right venous angle
where does the superficial lymphatic vessels drain
into deep lymphatic vessels heading back centrally
where does the thoracic duct drain lymph into
left venous angle