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Nursing School: Terms and Abbreviations > Anatomy and Positioning > Flashcards

Anatomy and Positioning Flashcards

1
Q

hordeolum (stye)

A

localized staph infection of hair follicles

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2
Q

intermittent claudication

A

pain in calf, sometimes thigh or buttocks, induced by exercise and relieved by rest

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3
Q

gangrene

A

death of body tissue due to lack of blood flow or a serious bacterial infection

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4
Q

oscillometric

A
  • measuring vibrations
  • i.e. automated BP cuffs that look for the vibrations of blood flow through the brachial artery
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5
Q

lesion

A

a circumscribed area of altered or diseased tissue

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6
Q

palpebral fissure

A

eye opening

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7
Q

canthus

A
  • a corner of the eye, where upper and lower lids meet
  • the angular junction of the eyelids at either corner of the eye
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8
Q

nasolabial fold/groove

A

groove on either side of the face that runs down and laterally from the nostril to the corner of the mouth

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9
Q

lymph nodes of head and neck

A
  • preauricular
  • parotid
  • postauricular
  • occipital
  • submental
  • submandibular
  • tonsillar
  • superficial cervical
  • deep cervical
  • posterior cervical
  • supraclavicular
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10
Q

sclera

A
  • white part of the eye
  • inspect for lesions, inflammation, discoloration
  • yellow indicates jaundice
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11
Q

conjunctiva

A
  • membrane covering the sclera (bulbar) and inner eyelids (palpebral)
  • expected: pink (palpebral) and moist
  • inspect for lesions, edema, change in color, ectropion/entropion
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12
Q

cornea

A
  • clear membrane covering the iris and pupil of the eye
  • should be round, equal in size
  • cloudiness indicates damage/disease (keratoconus, glaucoma, edema, dryness, Fuchs dystrophy, injury, etc.)
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13
Q

pinna

A

outer ear

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14
Q

cerumen

A

ear wax

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15
Q

oral mucosa

A

mucous membranes of the mouth

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16
Q

gingiva

A

gums

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17
Q

dentition

A

teeth

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18
Q

orthopneic position

A
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19
Q

tripod position

A
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20
Q

accessory muscles of respiration

A
  • muscles that aid in labored breathing (neck or intercostal muscles)
  • will be overdeveloped in someone with COPD or other long-term breathing difficulty
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21
Q

epicardium

A
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22
Q

iatrogenic disease

A

disease caused by or arising as a complication of medicine or surgery

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23
Q

enteral

A

within or by way of the gastrointestinal tract

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24
Q

vasopressor

A

drug that increases blood pressure via vasoconstriction

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25
Q

vasodilator

A

drug that decreases blood pressure via vasodilation

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26
Q

total parenteral nutrition

A
  • bypasses the GI tract, giving most essential nutrients intravenously
  • used when a pt is NPO
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27
Q

hemolytic

A

relating to or involving the rupture or destruction of red blood cells

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28
Q

deep tendon reflex

A

automatic motor response elicited by stimulating stretch receptors in subcutaneous tissues surrounding joints and tendons

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29
Q

transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS)

A
  • application of mild electrical stimulation through electrodes placed on the skin over a painful area
  • alleviates pain by interfering with transmission of painful stimuli
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30
Q

acromioclavicular joint

A

gliding or plane joint between the acromion (point of shoulder, scapula) and the acromial end of the clavicle

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31
Q

arthrodal (gliding/plane) joint

A

diarthrosis permitting a gliding motion

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32
Q

diarthrosis/diarthrodial

A

joint with a cavity in the capsule separating bones; permits considerable freedom of movement

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33
Q

idiopathic

A

an illness of uncertain or undetermined cause

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34
Q

adaptation

A

adjustment to changes in circumstances such as those resulting from illness or disability

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35
Q

osteophyte

A
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36
Q

ativities of daily living

A

tasks performed routinely during the course of a typical day, such as walking, eating, bathing, brushing the teeth, and grooming

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37
Q

group A streptococcal pharyngitis

A

strep throat

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38
Q

McBurney’s point

A

a point 1 to 2 in (2.5 to 5.1 cm) above the anterosuperior spine of the ilium, on a line between the ilium and umbilicus, where pressure produces tenderness in acute appendicitis

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39
Q

precordium

A

the area of the thorax directly in front of the heart

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40
Q

diathermy

A
  • type of electrical stimulation
  • two types: thermal and nonthermal
  • improved tissue perfusion, increased tissue metabolism, more antibiotic delivery to the tissues, a heightened effect of oxygen on microbes, and promotion of cellular processes
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41
Q

dehiscence

A

opening of the edges of a surgical wound with partial or total separation of wound layers

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42
Q

abrasion

A

superficial, partial-thickness wound with little bleeding, caused by rubbing or scraping the epidermis

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43
Q

approximated

A

closed, with the wound’s edges touching each other

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44
Q

bulla

A

blister, greater than 1 cm in diameter that is filled with clear fluid, as seen with burns

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45
Q

burn

A

thermal injury to tissues

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46
Q

carcinoma

A

malignant (cancerous) growth made up of epithelial cells that tends to infiltrate surrounding tissue thus causing metastasis

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47
Q

contusion

A

injury to tissues with skin discoloration from blood seepage just under the skin and without breakage of the skin; a bruise

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48
Q

cyst

A

abnormal, closed epithelium-lined sac that contains a liquid or a semisolid substance

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49
Q

debride

A

remove devitalized (dead) tissue from a wound

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50
Q

decubitus ulcer

A

somewhat outdated term for pressure ulcer

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51
Q

dermatitis

A

inflammation of the skin

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52
Q

dermis

A

layer of the skin above the subcutaneous fat, composed of collagen and elastic fibers

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53
Q

ecchymosis

A

hemorrhagic spot, or bruise, caused by bleeding under the skin and irregularly formed in blue, purple, or yellow patches

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54
Q

fistula

A

any abnormal tubelike passage in the body

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55
Q

granulation

A

development of red, moist tissue made up of new blood vessels, indicating the progression of wound healing

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56
Q

hematoma

A

localized collection of blood underneath the tissues, appearing as a swelling or mass often characterized by a bluish discoloration

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57
Q

irrigate

A

wash out with fluid

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58
Q

keloid

A

enlarged, elevated scar, due to excess collagen

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59
Q

laceration

A

cut; torn wound

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60
Q

maceration

A

softening or dissolution of tissue after lengthy exposure to fluid

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61
Q

macule

A

discoloration of the skin, less than 1 cm in diameter and not raised above the surface

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62
Q

melanoma

A

malignant mole or tumor on the skin with atypical melanocytes (pigment-forming cells) in the epidermis

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63
Q

necrosis

A

death of areas of tissue or bone

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64
Q

nodule

A

small, solid mass more than 1 cm in diameter

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65
Q

papule

A

small, circumscribed, solid, elevated skin lesion

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66
Q

petechiae

A

minute reddish or purplish spots containing blood that appear in skin or mucous membranes as a result of hemorrhage in the dermal layers (singular form: petechia)

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67
Q

plaque

A

an elevated patch on the skin, such as the characteristic scales of psoriasis

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68
Q

pressure ulcer

A

impaired skin integrity and/or formation of a wound over a bony prominence due to prolonged pressure

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69
Q

puncture

A

wound made by a sharp pointed object penetrating the skin

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70
Q

purpura

A

condition characterized by various skin manifestations, including hemorrhages into the skin, mucous membranes, internal organs, and other tissues

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71
Q

pus

A

yellowish liquid product of inflammation or infection

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72
Q

pustule

A

small, elevated skin lesion that contains pus

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73
Q

scar

A

mark that remains on the skin after a wound has healed

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74
Q

serous

A

wound drainage presenting as clear, watery plasma

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75
Q

shear

A

force exerted parallel to the skin resulting both from gravity and from resistance (friction) between the patient and a surface, such as that created when a patient slumps in a chair

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76
Q

skin tear

A

a traumatic wound resulting from separation of the epidermis from the dermis

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77
Q

slough

A

mass of soft, stringy dead tissue that can be white or yellow in appearance

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78
Q

vesicle

A

small blister that contains liquid

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79
Q

wheal

A

irregularly shaped, slightly elevated area; small, localized area of edema on the surface of the skin; typical of allergic reactions (hives)

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80
Q

tinea pedis

A
  • athlete’s foot
  • a chronic superficial fungal infection of the skin of the feet, typically between the toes
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81
Q

buccal

A

pertaining to or directed toward the bucca (cheek), the fleshy portion of the side of the face that makes up the lateral wall of the oral cavity

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82
Q

callus

A

a thickening of or a hard thickened area on skin

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83
Q

cheilosis

A

manifestation of vitamin B complex deficiency characterized by reddened lips with fissures at the angles of the mouth

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84
Q

closed bed

A

a bed prepared in a hospital room with the top sheet, blanket, and bedspread drawn up to the head of the mattress under the pillows

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85
Q

corn

A

often painful and inflamed circumscribed lesion of thickened skin, usually on the toes and caused by pressure or friction from ill-fitting shoes

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86
Q

cuticle

A

the narrow band of epidermis extending from the nail wall onto the nail surface

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87
Q

dental caries

A

tooth decay

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88
Q

dental plaque

A

a sticky film accumulating on the teeth that is formed by and harbors bacteria; also called tartar

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89
Q

draw sheet

A

linen item placed under the patient’s torso and used to lift and reposition the patient

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90
Q

excoriation

A

skin abrasion typically resulting from scratching

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91
Q

fanfolding

A

applying the proximal half of a piece of linen in successive layers lengthwise for the purpose of tucking it under the patient and rolling the patient over it while stripping or making an occupied bed

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92
Q

fissure

A

a break, slit, or tear in soft tissue, often at the junction of skin and mucous membrane

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93
Q

foreskin

A

fold of skin covering the glans penis (head) of an uncircumcised penis; also called prepuce

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94
Q

gingiva

A

the part of the oral mucosa covering the tooth-bearing border of the jaw; also called gums (plural: gingivae)

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95
Q

gingivitis

A

inflammation of the gums characterized by redness, swelling, and intermittent bleeding

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96
Q

hygiene

A

personal maintenance of cleanliness

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97
Q

hypoallergenic

A

unlikely to cause an allergic (hypersensitivity) response

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98
Q

incontinence pad

A

disposable material with waterproof backing placed under a patient’s buttocks to contain body fluids

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99
Q

labia

A

folds of skin on either side of the vaginal orifice

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100
Q

lunula

A

active area of nailbed growth at the base of the fingernails and toenails

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101
Q

mucosa

A

the moist inner lining of various tubular structures, including the mouth, esophagus, stomach, and intestines

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102
Q

neuropathy

A

any of numerous disturbances or pathologic changes in the peripheral nervous system, most often affecting sensation

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103
Q

open bed

A

a bed prepared in a hospital room with the top covers folded back to make it easy for the patient to get into the bed

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104
Q

palate

A

the roof of the mouth separating the mouth from the nasal cavity, comprised of the hard palate (in the front of the mouth, separating cavities of the mouth and the nose) and the soft palate (the fleshy portion that separates the mouth from the pharynx)

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105
Q

pediculosis

A

lice infestation

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106
Q

perineum

A

area between the anus and the posterior portion of the external genitalia

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107
Q

periodontal

A

surrounding or near a tooth

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108
Q

periodontitis

A

inflammation or degeneration of the tissues surrounding the teeth

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109
Q

plantar wart

A

a skin lesion on the sole of the foot typically caused by any of the human papillomaviruses

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110
Q

sebaceous gland

A

oil-secreting organ of the skin

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111
Q

sebum

A

fatty lubricant secreted by the skin’s sebaceous glands

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112
Q

semi-Fowler’s position

A

position with HOB raised about 30 degrees

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113
Q

stomatitis

A

any inflammatory disorder of the mouth

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114
Q

tartar

A

a sticky film accumulating on the teeth that is formed by and harbors bacteria; also called dental plaque

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115
Q

thrush

A

a fungal infection in the mouth and/or throat caused by Candida albicans and manifesting as white patches and ulcers

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116
Q

urethra

A

a narrow tube through which urine passes from the bladder to the outside of the body

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117
Q

antibody

A

a type of protein the immune system produces to neutralize a threat of some kind, such as an infecting organism, a chemical, or some other foreign body

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118
Q

antimicrobial

A

able to destroy or suppress the growth of pathogens and other micro-organisms

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119
Q

antiseptic

A

a substance that reduces the number of pathogens present on a surface

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120
Q

asepsis

A

methods used to assure that an environment is as pathogen-free as possible

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121
Q

bacteriostasis

A

the inhibition of further bacterial growth

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122
Q

chlorhexidine

A

an antibacterial compound with substantial residual activity that is used as a liquid antiseptic and disinfectant

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123
Q

circulating nurse

A

a nurse who assists the scrub nurse and the surgeons during surgery, positioning the patient and equipment, obtaining additional supplies, and adjusting lighting as needed

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124
Q

contamination

A

the process of becoming unsterile or unclean

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125
Q

disinfectant

A

any chemical agent used to destroy or inhibit the growth of harmful organisms

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126
Q

doff

A

to remove an article of clothing from the body

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127
Q

don

A

to put on (as with an article of clothing) or dress in

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128
Q

flora

A

the aggregate of bacteria, fungi, and other micro-organisms normally found in a particular environment, such as the gastrointestinal tract or the skin

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129
Q

immunosuppression

A

the inhibition of the body’s protective response to pathogenic invasion, usually as a result of disease, drug therapy, or surgery

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130
Q

intraoperative

A

occurring during the course of a surgical procedure

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131
Q

medical asepsis

A

infection-control practices common in healthcare, such as basic handwashing

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132
Q

micro-organisms

A

minute living cells

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133
Q

nosocomial

A

acquired in a hospital, as in nosocomial infection. The term the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention now uses for infections associated with healthcare delivery in any setting (hospitals, long-term care facilities, ambulatory settings, home care) is healthcare-associated infection (HAI).

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134
Q

pathogen

A

any disease-producing agent, especially a virus, bacterium, or fungus

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135
Q

perioperative

A

pertaining to the period extending from the time of hospitalization for surgery to the time of discharge; includes the preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative periods

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136
Q

phagocytes

A

cells (such as white blood cells) that engulf, ingest, and consume foreign material (such as pathogens) and debris

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137
Q

pneumococcal

A

pertaining to or caused by pneumococci, organisms of the species Streptococcus pneumoniae, a common cause of pneumonia and other infectious diseases

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138
Q

postoperative

A

pertaining to the period following a surgical operation, usually from the time the patient is transferred to the postanesthesia care unit until healing is complete

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139
Q

preoperative

A

pertaining to the period before a surgical operation, usually from the time the decision to have surgery is made to the time the patient is transferred to the operative table

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140
Q

retrovirus

A

any of a large group of RNA-based viruses that tend to infect immunocompromised individuals, including the human immunodeficiency virus and many cancer-causing viruses

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141
Q

sepsis

A

the presence in blood or other tissues of pathogens or their toxins

142
Q

spore

A

a primitive, usually unicellular, reproductive body produced by plants, fungi, and some micro-organisms that is resistant to environmental changes

143
Q

staphylococcus

A

a genus of gram-positive bacteria that are potential pathogens, causing local lesions and serious opportunistic infections

144
Q

sterile

A

free from living organisms and especially from micro-organisms and pathogens

145
Q

sterile field

A

a specified area that is considered free from micro-organisms

146
Q

sterile technique

A

measures taken to prevent the spread of pathogens from the environment to the patient by eliminating all micro-organisms in that environment

147
Q

sterilization

A

a process that destroys all micro-organisms, including spores and viruses

148
Q

strikethrough

A

penetration of pathogens, typically bacteria, through surgical drapes, dressings, and other materials, especially as a result of fluid accumulation

149
Q

subungual

A

under a nail

150
Q

surgical asepsis

A

techniques used to destroy all pathogenic organisms, also called sterile technique

151
Q

surgical scrub

A

a procedure that achieves disinfection of the hands and arms up to the elbows in preparation for donning sterile attire and performing or participating in a sterile procedure

152
Q

pharmacokinetics

A

study of metabolism and action of drugs, esp. time required for absorption, duration of action, distribution, and method of excretion.

153
Q

anticholinergic

A

an agent that blocks parasympathetic nerve impulses

154
Q

abdominal distension

A

swelling in the area between the waist and the pelvis due to intestinal gas, overeating, or pathophysiological causes such as infection or hemorrhage

155
Q

air vent

A
  • a device or aperture that allows the entry or exit of air
  • on a nasogastric tube, a branch of the main tube that is always open to the air
156
Q

antireflux valve

A

a device that can also be inserted into a lumen of some types of nasogastric tubes to prevent the seepage of gastric contents out of the vented lumen

157
Q

aspiration

A
  • inadvertent inhalation of fluid or other substances into the lungs
  • also, the withdrawal or removal, via a syringe or other apparatus, of a substance or material from the body
158
Q

decompression

A

removal of stomach contents to relieve distention of the stomach and intestines caused by the accumulation of gastrointestinal air and fluid

159
Q

epiglottis

A

lid-like cartilaginous structure covering the larynx opening during swallowing, keeping food out of the lungs

160
Q

esophagitis

A

inflammation of the esophagus

161
Q

esophagus

A

the musculomembranous passage extending from the pharynx to the stomach

162
Q

gastric aspirate

A

substance removed from the stomach via syringe through a NG, orogastric, or gastrostomy tube

163
Q

ileus

A

mechanical or functional obstruction of the intestines

164
Q

irrigant

A

solution used for therapeutic irrigation or washing out of a body cavity or part

165
Q

lavage

A

therapeutic irrigation or washing out of a body cavity or part

166
Q

lipid pneumonia

A

lung inflammation that develops when fat particles enter the bronchial tree

167
Q

lumen

A

a cavity or bore of a tubular organ or part

168
Q

methemoglobinemia

A

excess of non-O2-carrying pigment methemoglobin in the blood

169
Q

naris

A
  • nostril (pl. nares)
  • one of the two external orifices of the nose
170
Q

nasogastric tube

A
  • NG tube
  • flexible tube inserted through the nose and extending to the stomach or intestines
  • multiple functions: conduit for removing GI fluids and gas, delivering enteral feedings or medications, relieving pressure, etc.
171
Q

nasopharynx

A

the portion of the pharynx superior to the soft palate

172
Q

parotid glands

A

two salivary secretory organs on either side of the face just inferior and anterior to the ears

173
Q

peristalsis

A

waves of contraction that propel contents through the GI tract

174
Q

pH test strip

A

a disposable indicator that measures the acidity or alkalinity of a substance

175
Q

suction pressure

A

amount of negative force (in mm Hg) used to propel air or fluid out of a body cavity or part

176
Q

trachea

A

cartilaginous and membranous tube descending from the larynx and branching into right and left main bronchi

177
Q

tracheitis

A

inflammation of trachea

178
Q

topical anesthetic

A

a pain-relieving agent applied externally

179
Q

uvula

A

small, fleshy mass hanging from the soft palate above the root of the tongue

180
Q

capnography

A

continuous recording of the concentration of CO2 in inhaled and exhaled air

181
Q

adverse reaction

A
  • any noxious, unintended, and undesired result of taking a drug in appropriate doses
  • also called an adverse effect
  • often used in place of side effect, but side effects also include harmless and possibly helpful unintended results
182
Q

allergic reaction

A

an immune response to a drug, ranging from mild itching to severe rash to anaphylaxis

183
Q

anaphylaxis

A

immediate, life-threatening allergic response characterized by bronchospasm, laryngeal edema, and a rapid drop in blood pressure

184
Q

buccal

A

pertaining to or directed toward the facial cheek

185
Q

compatible

A
  • capable of harmonious coexistence
  • used to refer to two or more medications that can be given together without changing the effects of each other or causing any new responses not seen with any of the drugs administered alone
186
Q

contraindication

A

a pre-existing condition that makes it unsafe or otherwise inappropriate to administer a particular drug

187
Q

dosage

A
  • determination and regulation of the size, frequency, and number of doses of a med for an individual patient; overall dosing regimen
  • often used synonymously with dose; dose = amount to be given at one time
188
Q

dose

A
  • a measured quantity of a medication to be administered at one time
  • often used synonymously with dosage; dosage is the overall dosing regimen
189
Q

drug

A

any chemical or other nondrug substance that can affect living processes

190
Q

duration of action

A

how long a drug actively produces a therapeutic effect

191
Q

generic

A
  • noncommercial name assigned to a drug; also, nonproprietary name
  • less complex than the chemical name and more complex than a brand or trade
192
Q

idiosyncratic reaction

A

uncommon, unexpected, or individual drug response thought to result from a genetic predisposition

193
Q

indication

A

a reason for administering a medication

194
Q

instillation

A

administration of a liquid drop by drop

195
Q

intradermal

A

within or into the dermis (skin)

196
Q

intramuscular (IM)

A

within or into a muscle

197
Q

intravenous (IV)

A

within or into a vein

198
Q

medication

A

term used for drug when it is given to or taken by a particular individual for therapeutic purposes

199
Q

medication administration record (MAR)

A

a document completed per agency policy to verify a patient’s medications were given as prescribed

200
Q

narcotic

A
  • umbrella term used to refer to opioids, controlled substances, illicit drugs, central nervous system depressants, strong analgesics, and drugs capable of causing physical dependence
  • opioid is the preferred term for the family of potent pharmacologic analgesics commonly referred to as narcotics
201
Q

nebulizer

A

a device for creating and delivering an aerosol spray

202
Q

onset of action

A

when a drug begins to exert its therapeutic effect

203
Q

ophthalmic

A

eye-related

204
Q

over-the-counter (OTC)

A

referring to drugs sold without a prescription

205
Q

paradoxical effect

A

causing an effect opposite of the intended effect

206
Q

parenteral

A

via a route other than the GI tract

207
Q

peak action

A

when a drug exerts its maximal therapeutic effect

208
Q

plateau

A
  • a steady level of a drug achieved after repeated doses
  • the amount of drug eliminated between doses equals the amount administered with each dose
209
Q

polypharmacy

A

the concurrent use of multiple drugs

210
Q

side effect

A
  • unintended and usually predictable result of taking a drug in appropriate doses
  • often used synonymously with adverse effect, which is noxious or harmful in some way
211
Q

subcutaneous

A

under the skin

212
Q

synergistic effect

A
  • increase in the effects of any or all of two or more drugs taken together
  • 1 + 1 = >2
213
Q

therapeutic effect

A

the beneficial and intended result for which a drug is taken

214
Q

topical

A

applied externally

215
Q

toxic effect

A

a seriously adverse drug reaction caused by excessive dosing

216
Q

transdermal

A

entering through the dermis, i.e. adhesive patch

217
Q

unit-dose system

A

provision of drugs in single-dose packages

218
Q

Name the Six Rights of Medication Administration

A
  • right medication
  • right dose
  • right route
  • right time
  • right patient
  • right documentation
219
Q

prodromal

A
220
Q

exogenous

A
221
Q

endogenous

A
222
Q

metapneumonia

A
223
Q

parainfluenza 3

A
224
Q

prophylaxis

A
225
Q

ESBL

A
226
Q

VRE

A

vancomycin-resistant enterococcus

227
Q

multidrug-resistant

A

any infection that is resistant to multiple antibiotics

228
Q

MDRO

A

multidrug-resistant organism

229
Q

CMV

A

cytomegalovirus

230
Q

CRE***

A
231
Q

induration

A
232
Q

anthropometric measures

A

data collected for studying the size, weight, and proportions of the human body

233
Q

peristomal***

A
234
Q

Name the Kubler-Ross five stages of grief.

A
235
Q

advance directive

A

legal documents that direct end-of-life issues

236
Q

living will

A

directive documents for medical treatment per client’s wishes

237
Q

health care proxy (durable power of attorney for health care)

A

document appointing someone to make medical decisions for a patient who is no longer able to do so

238
Q

coma

A

prolonged, deep state of unconsciousness lasting days or years; cannot be arounsed and may or may not … brainstem

239
Q

vegetative state

A
240
Q

physiological stages of dying

A

1-3 months before: withdraws from world, sleep increases, difficulty digesting, appetite and food intake decrease (liquids preferred); anorexia -> ketosis -> increased sense of well-being

1-2 weeks before:

days to hours before: surge of energy, dehydration, difficulty swallowing, decreased blood volume and gag reflex, shallow/rapid breathing, apnea, congestion (“death rattle”), Cheyne-Stokes respirations, clammy, BP decreases, pulse hard to detect, extremities cold

moments before:

241
Q

palliative care

A
242
Q

Neuman’s Continuum***

A
243
Q

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Human Needs***

A
244
Q

Health-Illness Continuum***

A
245
Q

A1c

A

greater than or equal to 6.5 = diabetes mellitus

246
Q

Dunn’s Health Grid***

A
247
Q

suprainfection***

A
248
Q

adaptive utensils

A

devices for eating and feeding that have been modified to accommodate some type of disability

249
Q

albumin

A

a plasma protein formed mainly in the liver and making up about two-thirds of protein in plasma

250
Q

amino acid

A
  • organic compounds in plant and animal tissues
  • the “building blocks” of protein
251
Q

anabolism

A
  • constructive phase of metabolism
  • body cells synthesize protoplasm for growth and repair
252
Q

anorexia nervosa

A

eating disorder characterized by preoccupation with food and the rituals of eating, and a voluntary refusal to eat

253
Q

anthropometry

A

study of the measurement of size, weight, and proportions of the human body, usually on a comparative basis

254
Q

ascorbic acid

A
  • also called vitamin C
  • aids in tissue building and many metabolic reactions:
    • wound and Fx healing
    • collagen formation
    • adrenaline production
    • iron absorption
    • conversion of folic acid
    • cellular adhesion
255
Q

basal metabolic rate

A
  • also called resting energy expenditure
  • number of calories used by the body during a nonactive period
256
Q

bioelectric impedance analysis

A
  • method of estimating body composition that determines tissues’ opposition to the flow of an electric current
  • estimates total body water, fat-free body mass, and body fat
257
Q

biotin

A

coenzyme used in fatty acid synthesis, amino acid metabolism, and formation of glucose

258
Q

body mass index (BMI)

A
  • a measure of body fat that is used as an indication of nutritional status
  • y kg x (z m)2 = BMI
259
Q

bulimia nervosa

A

eating disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of bingeing followed by inappropriate compensatory behavior to rid the body of these excessive calories, such as purging

260
Q

bingeing

A

eating large quantities of food over a short period of time

261
Q

purging

A

an inappropriate compensatory behavior to rid the body of excess calories after bingeing

262
Q

cachexia

A

general physical wasting and malnutrition most often related to chronic disease

263
Q

calcium

A

a mineral essential for maintaining the health of bones and teeth, cardiovascular support, blood clotting, and nerve transmission

264
Q

calibrate

A

adjust precisely for a particular function

265
Q

calipers

A

instrument with two adjustable arms, legs, or jaws used to measure diameter or thickness

266
Q

calorie

A
  • unit by which energy is measured
  • the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 kg of water 1° Celsius
  • also called a kilocalorie
267
Q

carbohydrates

A
  • class of essential, energy-yielding macronutrients containing only carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
  • sugars, starches, glycogen, and fiber
268
Q

catabolism

A

degrading process involving release of energy and breakdown of complex materials (e.g., proteins, lipids) within an organism

269
Q

chromium

A

essential dietary trace element that is a cofactor for insulin

270
Q

copper

A
  • essential dietary trace element
  • facilitates iron use
  • component of several enzymes involved in:
    • hemoglobin synthesis
    • collagen formation
    • wound healing
    • nerve fiber maintenance
271
Q

cyanocobalamin

A

a form of vitamin B₁₂

272
Q

daily values

A

reference points for intake determined by public health experts and based on a 2,000-calorie diet

273
Q

daily reference intakes (DRIs)

A
  • the Institute of Medicine’s system of specific nutrition recommendations and values
  • includes:
    • updated recommended daily allowances
    • estimated average requirements
    • adequate intake
    • tolerable upper intake levels
274
Q

enteral nutrition

A

delivery of nutrients directly to the GI tract via a variety of types of feeding tubes and devices

275
Q

fats

A
  • also called lipids
  • water-insoluble, energy-yielding macronutrients
  • organic compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
276
Q

fat-soluble vitamins

A
  • essential organic substances that can be absorbed with lipids
  • vitamins A, D, E, and K
277
Q

fiber

A

carbohydrates that are components of plants and cannot be digested by human enzymes

278
Q

fluoride

A

essential element that bonds with Ca and accumulates in calcified body tissue (bones and teeth)

279
Q

folic acid

A

synthetic form of folate

280
Q

folate

A

substance required for hemoglobin and amino-acid synthesis, cellular reproduction, and prevention of neural tube defects in utero

281
Q

height-to-wrist circumference

A

a method of determining body frame size by comparing wrist circumference to height

282
Q

hemoglobin

A

main functional constituent of red blood cells that serves as their oxygen-carrying protein

283
Q

ideal body weight

A

an estimate of what a person should weigh, calculated by using BMI as a reference guide

284
Q

indirect calorimetry

A

measurement of the amount of heat produced by a subject by determining the amount of O2 consumed and the amount of CO2 eliminated

285
Q

iodine

A

trace mineral essential for synthesis of thyroxine

286
Q

thyroxine

A

thyroid hormone that helps regulate metabolism

287
Q

iron

A

trace mineral essential for:

  • hemoglobin formation and function
  • cellular oxidation of glucose
  • antibody production
  • and collagen synthesis
288
Q

kilocalorie

A

technical name for a calorie

289
Q

lipids

A

fats

290
Q

magnesium

A
  • major essential mineral
  • important in:
    • bone nourishment
    • many enzyme reactions, as a catalyst
    • nerve and muscle function
    • cardiovascular support
291
Q

malnourished

A

in a state of malnutrition

292
Q

malnutrition

A

poor nourishment resulting from an inadequate or improper diet or from some metabolic defect that keeps the body from using food properly

293
Q

manganese

A
  • essential trace element
  • component of enzymes involved in:
    • metabolism of carbohydrates, protein, and fat
    • bone formation
294
Q

metabolism

A

sum of the physical and chemical changes in living cells by which energy is provided for vital processes and activities and new material is assimilated

295
Q

mid-upper arm circumference

A
  • distance around left upper arm, at the midpoint between the tip of the shoulder and the tip of the elbow
  • used as a measure of nutritional status
296
Q

olecranon process

A

tip of the elbow

297
Q

minerals

A
  • nonorganic substances essential for health
  • used at every cellular level for metabolic exchanges
  • must be obtained in the diet
298
Q

niacin

A
  • also called vitamin B₃
  • aids in energy and protein metabolism
299
Q

nitrogen balance

A
  • difference between daily intake of nitrogen and nitrogen excretion
  • indicator of tissue integrity
300
Q

nutrient

A

a substance that nourishes

301
Q

obese

A

having a body mass index of 30 or above

302
Q

obesity

A

condition of having excess body weight

BMI ≥ 30

303
Q

overweight

A

25 ≤ BMI ≥ 29.9

304
Q

pantothenic acid

A
  • also called vitamin B₅
  • essential for fatty acid metabolism and cell synthesis
  • participates in more than 100 metabolic reactions
305
Q

parenteral nutrition

A

administration of nutrients intravenously

306
Q

peristalsis

A

successive wavelike movements by which tubular organs that have longitudinal and circular muscle fibers (GI tract) propel their contents forward

307
Q

phosphorus

A
  • major essential mineral
  • maintains:
    • energy transfer of RNA and DNA
    • acid-base balance
308
Q

potassium

A
  • major essential mineral
  • maintains intra- and extracellular fluid volume, muscle, blood pressure, and musculoskeletal and cardiovascular function
309
Q

prealbumin

A

thyroxin-binding protein measured to evaluate the nutrition status of critically ill patients who are at high risk for malnutrition

310
Q

proteins

A
  • essential, energy-yielding macronutrients
  • organic compounds composed of “building blocks” called amino acids
311
Q

pyridoxine

A
  • form of vitamin B₆,
  • essential for cellular function and synthesis of:
    • hemoglobin
    • neurotransmitters
    • niacin
312
Q

resting energy expenditure

A

basal metabolic rate

313
Q

retinol

A
  • form of vitamin A
  • essential for:
    • vision health
    • tissue strength and growth
    • embryonic development
    • gene expression
    • immune function
314
Q

retinol-binding proteins

A
  • organic compounds that bind with vitamin A
  • one has been associated with insulin resistance
315
Q

riboflavin

A
  • also called vitamin B₂
  • essential for:
    • releasing energy from nutrients in all body cells
    • growth
    • vitality
    • tissue healing
316
Q

selenium

A

a mineral essential for normal immune function and thyroid-gland activity

317
Q

sodium

A
  • major mineral
  • largely responsible for:
    • regulating fluid balance
    • cell permeability
  • essential for:
    • acid-base balance
    • nerve transmission
    • muscular irritability
318
Q

therapeutic diet

A
  • food plan modified to meet specific health needs
  • e.g., increasing or decreasing caloric intake, fiber, or other specific nutrients, omitting specific foods, or modifying the consistency of foods
319
Q

thiamin

A
  • also called vitamin B₁
  • essential for:
    • releasing energy from carbohydrates
    • digestion
    • peristalsis
    • providing energy for smooth muscles, glands, the central nervous system, and blood vessels
320
Q

total iron-binding capacity

A

a blood test measuring the ability of transferrin to carry iron in the blood

321
Q

transferrin

A

glycoprotein produced in the liver that binds and transports iron

322
Q

triceps skinfold

A

measurement of the upper arm that helps estimate body fat

323
Q

vitamins

A

any of a group of organic substances found in foods and essential in small quantities for:

  • growth
  • health
  • many enzymatic and chemical reactions
  • many metabolic functions
324
Q

zinc

A
  • trace dietary element
  • component of DNA and RNA and many enzymes involved in growth, metabolism, and other senses and functions
325
Q

Schedule I medication

A
  • illegal
  • have no therapeutic use and a high risk of abuse
326
Q

Schedule II medication

A

most risk of abuse (morphine)

327
Q

Schedule III medication

A

moderate risk of abuse (e.g. Tylenol with codeine)

328
Q

Schedule IV medication

A

lowest risk of abuse (e.g., phenobarbitol)

329
Q

unscheduled medication***

A
330
Q

potentiate

A
331
Q

atherosclerosis

A
  • “hardening of fatty stuff”
  • hardening of fatty plaques in blood vessels
332
Q

myocardial infarction (MI)

A
  • blockage of blood flow in a coronary artery resulting in death of muscle tissue
  • heart attack
333
Q

mitral prolapse

A
  • “a falling forward”
  • failure of mitral valve causing leakage and backward flow in the left side of the heart
334
Q

stenosis

A

narrowing

335
Q

regurgitation

A

backward flow of blood

336
Q

angina pectoris

A
  • “pain in the chest”
  • “crushing, vise-like”
  • often accompanied by SOB, fatigue, nausea
  • indicates insufficient blood flow to heart muscle
  • nitroglycerine tabs often prescribed
337
Q

ischemia (cardiac)

A

“not quite enough blood”

usually accompanied by agina pain, often mistaken for heart attack

338
Q

echocardiography

A
  • uses high-frequency sound waves to form an image of the inside of the heart
  • can demonstrate valve damage, congenital defects, etc.
339
Q

electrocardiography (ECG/EKG)

A

printout recording of electrical activity in the heart

340
Q

cardiac catheterization

A
  • catheter threaded through artery to the heart to release opaque material and create X-ray images of the details of coronary arteries
  • used to ID blockages and their locations
341
Q

phlebotomist or venipuncturist

A

specially trained nurse or technician who draws blood for lab tests and may start IVs

342
Q

hemangioma

A
  • benign tumor on the skin or in an internal organ composed of dilated blood vessels
  • often encapsulated within a fibrous shell
343
Q

hernia

A

abnormal protrusion of structure out of normal anatomical position

344
Q

multiple sclerosis

A
  • “many hardenings”
  • multiple hard plaques of degeneration of the insulating layer of nerve fibers in the CNS
  • loss of insulation disrupts nerve impulses
345
Q

lumbar puncture/tap

A

getting a CSF sample by inserting a needle between lumbar vertebrae

346
Q

electroencephalography (EEG)

A

image/recording of the brain’s electrical activity

347
Q

laparotomy

A

cutting into the abdomen

348
Q

cholelithotripsy

A

smashing gall stones with sound waves

349
Q

metastasis

A

movement of bacteria or body cells (esp. cancer cells) from one part of the body to another

350
Q
A

Nursing School: Terms and Abbreviations (15 decks)

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