anatomy final

Question 1

monitor internal+external environments
deliver information to the central nervous system
afferent division

Answer 1

sensory neurons

Question 2

delivers signals to muscles/organs
stimulate or inhibit peripheral tissues
efferent division

Answer 2

moter neurons

Question 3

located between sensory and motor neurons (in brain and spinal cord)
analyze inputs, coordinates outputs
roles in memory, learning and planning

Answer 3

mixed neurons

Question 4

create myelin sheath around neurons

Answer 4

oligodendrocytes

Question 5

defense and disposal of debris

Answer 5

microglia

Question 6

maintain the blood-brain barrier

Answer 6

astrocytes

Question 7

circulate cerebrospinal fluid

Answer 7

ependymal cells

Question 8

describe how an action potential gets sent

Answer 8

membrane @ -70mV on the inside (resting potential)
stimulus occurs, sodium rushes in, membrane changes to +30 mV (Depolarization)
potassium leaves the cell until returns to -80 mV (repolarization)
sodium/potassium pump brings ions back to normal (Salty banana)
refractory period (no new stimulus)

Question 9

example of parasympathetic division situations and how they effect 3 organs

Answer 9

beach, sleep, yoga (anything relaxing)
- decreased heart rate, slower breathing, pupil constriction

Question 10

example of sympathetic division situations and how they effect 3 organs

Answer 10

car accident, fight
-heart rate increases, lungs: increased breathing rate, pupil dilation, start to sweat

Question 11

rest and digest

Answer 11

parasympathetic

Question 12

fight or flight

Answer 12

sympathetic divison

Question 13

balance, muscle memory, motion memory, body control

Answer 13

cerebellum

Question 14

controls breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure, and acts as a relay between the brain and spinal cord.

Answer 14

brainstem

Question 15

which lobe: language, hearing, memory, speech

Answer 15

temporal

Question 16

lobe for vison

Answer 16

occipital

Question 17

sensory input, memories

Answer 17

parietal

Question 18

emotion control, decision making, executive functions

Answer 18

frontal

Question 19

differences between saltatory and continuous propagation

Answer 19

Continuous:
axon is unmyelinated
action potential goes through the whole membrane

saltatory:
axon is myelinated which is much faster and more efficient
action potential only in the nodes of raviner

Question 20

why can’t the cerebellum suffer damage over a large area with potentially little consequence, but a small injury to the brainstem could be fatal

Answer 20

the cerebellum has many parts that could be take over for each other so if it were damaged there may not be a major problem but the brainstem controls the basic life functions like breathing so a small injury to the brain stem could be fatal

Question 21

are the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems part of the somatic or autonomic nervous systems

Answer 21

autonomic

Question 22

what is myelin and what is its function

Answer 22

myelin insulates the axon and speeds up transmission of electrical signals

Question 23

what are the two major divisions of the nervous system? what are the differences between the two

Answer 23

central nervous system:
Brain + spinal cord
controls most body and mind functions
bodys main control center

Peripheral nervous system:
Made up of nerves outside the central nervous system
carries messages through the body and the CNS

Question 24

What are the parts that make up a neuron?

Answer 24

axon:
cell body:
axon terminal:
myelin sheath:
dendrites:

Question 25

transmit electrical impulses away from cell body to terminals

Answer 25

axon

Question 26

Processes incoming signals and contains nucleus

Answer 26

cell body

Question 27

releases neurotransmitters and transmits electrical signals to the next neuron

Answer 27

axon terminal

Question 28

insulates axon, speeds up transmission of electrical signals

Answer 28

myelin sheath

Question 29

reciveves electrical signals from other neurons

Answer 29

dendrites

Question 30

outside layer connective tissue of the heart

Answer 30

epi/pericardium

Question 31

middle muscle of the heart

Answer 31

myocardium

Question 32

inner connective tissue of the heart

Answer 32

endocardium

Question 33

how does the patheway of conduciton work within the heart?

Answer 33

Sinoatrial node (pacemaker) sends a signal signal spreads across atria atrioventricular node receives the signal atria contracts atrioventricular node sends signal to the av bundle and bundle branches signal spreads to the purkinje fibers ventricles contract

Question 34

list the parts of the circulatory system that blood would flow through from starting at the lungs and ending at the right atrium

Answer 34

lungs (oxygenated)-->pulmonary veins (oxygenated)-->left atrium (oxygenated)--> bicuspid valve (oxygenated) --> left ventricle (oxygenated) --> aortic semilunar valve (oxygenated) -->aorta (oxygenated)--> systemic arteries (oxygenated) --> body (deoxygenated) -->veins (deoxygenated) --> superior/inferior vena cava (deoxygenated) --> right atrium (deoxygenated)

Question 35

explain when each of the 4 heart valves are open and closed

Answer 35

Tricuspid and bicuspid: open when atria contact and close when ventricles contract Pulmonary/aortic: Open when ventricles contract and close when atria contract

Question 36

which valves have the cord tendinae? why?

Answer 36

Bicuspid and tricuspid valves have cordae tendinae to prevent the valve flaps from flipping backward into the atria during ventricular contraction

Question 37

explain what cardiac output is and how its calculated, and what each of the valves used to calculate it mean

Answer 37

cardiac output is the amount of blood the heart pumps in one minute (heartrate x stroke volume) HR: # beats per minute SV: the amount of blood pumped by one ventricle in a single beat

Question 38

two factors that would increase venous return

Answer 38

valves milking of blood back to heart by muscle

Question 39

compare and contrast the similarities and differences between capillaries, arteries and veins. Be sure to include the structure, function, and pressure in each type of vessel.

Answer 39

Capillaries: -thick, muscular elastic walls -carry blood away from heart -high pressure Arteries: -thin walls, one cell thick -exchange of gases, nutrients, and wastes -low pressure veins: -thin walls, less muscle, have valves -carry blood back to the heart -low pressure

Question 40

Explain the difference between the causes of peripheral and pulmonary conjestion

Answer 40

Pulmonary: -left side heart congestion -left ventricle can pump blood effectively into the aorta and body -causes blood to back up into the lungs -causes pulmonary edema Peripheral: -right side heart failure -right ventricle can't properly/effectively pump blood into the lungs -the blood backs up into the veins and body tissues -causes fluid build up in legs, feet, abdomen and even face

Question 41

Where are sperm cells produced

Answer 41

testes

Question 42

where are ova/eggs produced?

Answer 42

ovaries

Question 43

activities the sperm and allows the sperm to move 30% volume of semen

Answer 43

prostate glands

Question 44

produce a sugary fluid (fructose) for energy 60% volume of the semen

Answer 44

seminal vesicles

Question 45

produces sperm cells

Answer 45

testes

Question 46

releases mucus that cleans urethra

Answer 46

bulbourethral glands

Question 47

how are male and female gamete production different?

Answer 47

Female: -eggs -created in ovaries -begins at birth -reoccurring after puberty to menopause -one egg per cycle Males: -Sperm -created in testes -during puberty -produces sperm throughout life -millions of sperm daily

Question 48

what is ovulation and what is the hormone that is responsible for it

Answer 48

when an egg is released to be fertilized LH is the hormone responsible for ovulation

Question 49

Location of fertilization

Answer 49

fallopian tube

Question 50

what is the location of implantation of the fertilized egg

Answer 50

endometrium

Question 51

What is occurring in the uterus during menses

Answer 51

the uterine lining is shedding because the egg was not fertilized

Question 52

3 similarities and 3 differences between the male and female reproductive systems

Answer 52

Similarities: -both produce gametes (sperm and eggs) -Both have gonads (testes and ovaries) -Both have ducts to transport gametes (ductus deferens and fallopian tubes) Differences: -Testes are located on the outside of the body and the ovaries are located on the inside -females are born with all their eggs and males produce sperm continuously after puberty -primary functions are different, female system supports fertilization, pregnancy and child birth and male systems produce and deliver sperm.