What organs make up the urinary system?
kidneys, ureter, bladder, and urethra
What organs make up the urinary tract?
ureter, bladder, and urethra
Is the left or right kidney lower?
Right
What is the renal hilum?
Medial structure where BVs and nerves enter
What ribs cover the left kidney?
T11-T12
What layer of fat is right next to the kidney?
The perinephric fat (perirenal fat capsule)
What layer of fascia surrounds the kidney?
The renal fascia
What layer of fat is external to the renal fascia?
The paranephric fat
What is the mnemonic for the renal arteries?
“Really Surly Irishmen Are In a Guinness Engrossed Puke Vomit”
What is the sympathetic innervation of the kidney?
lesser splanchnic nerve (T10-11) and least splanchnic (T12) synapsing in the aorticorenal ganglia
Lumbar splanchnic nerves (L1-L2)
What is the parasympathetic innervation of the kidney?
The vagus nerve
What two layers is Bowmans capsule made up of?
The parietal layer and visceral layer
The parietal layer of Bowmans capsule is what kind of epithelium?
simple squamous
Where is the visceral layer of Bowmans capsule located?
on the glomerular capillary (with the podocytes)
What two types of collagen make up the GBM?
IV and XVII
What is albuminia?
Urine albumin indicative of damage to the GBM. Albumin cannot normally pass through
What do mesangial cells do?
- support
- phagocytose
- help control GFR
- prevent glomerular distension
- secrete growth factor and cytokines
Where does angiotensin II influence Na+ resorption?
DCT
Main function of PCT?
resorption and secretion
What transporters are located on the PCT? (4)
- Na-K pumps
- aquaporins
- glucose transporters
- AA transporters
What is the main function of the loop of henle?
to set up the hyper osmotic gradient
What is the main function of the collecting ducts?
Water reabsorption
Two basic cell types of the collecting tubules?
Light and dark cells
What acts of light cells?
aldosterone
What is the function of dark cells?
H+ and bicarb transport
What acts on the collecting tubules/ducts?
ADH and aldosterone
What do the juxtaglomerular cells secrete if blood pressure is low?
Renin
How does the macula densa act as a chemoreceptor? How does it act?
By monitoring salt levels. Signals release of renin from juxtaglomerular cells if sodium is low
Where is the PCT found?
In the renal cortex
What epithelium is found in the PCT?
simple cuboidal to columnar epithelium with abundant microvilli (brush border)
What kind of epithelium in the loop of henle?
Thin - permeable simple squamous lacking a brush border
Thick - simple cuboidal with numerous microvilli (no brush border)
Where is the DCT confined to?
The cortex
What epithelium lines the DCT?
Simple cuboidal with sparse microvilli
What hormone acts on the DCT to influence Na resorption?
Angiotensin II
What epithelium lines the collecting ducts?
Simple cuboidal but simple columnar at the ends
What acts on light cells?
Aldosterone
The bladder is what kind of epithelium?
Transitional epithelium (urothelium)
What is the function of fusiform vesicles in the bladder?
Intracellular compartments for storage of urothelial plaques
What is the function of urothelial plaques?
Forms an impermeable barrier with uroplakin proteins
Mnemonic for epithelium of the urethra
T - transitional (top)
I
P - psuedostratified columnar
SS - stratified squamous
Dark cells are also known as what?
Intercalated cells
What is another name for light cells?
Principle cell
Males have what three kinds of urethra?
Prostatic, membranous, and spongy
Females have what kind of urethra?
Membranous
What does the membranous urethra pass through?
The urogenital diaphragm