Anatomy Lecture 1

Question 1

What are the other names for the following anatomical planes:

Frontal Plane is also “_________” plane

Transverse Plane is “__________”

Sagital Plane is also “__________”

Answer 1

Frontal plane is also known as coronal plane

Transverse is horizontal plane

Median Plane/sagital plane/midsagital

Question 2

Explain the following planes of the body:

Frontal/coronal

Transverse/Horizontal

Median/Midsagital

Answer 2

Question 3

Explain the following anatomical relationship terms:

Anterior vs posterior

Answer 3

Anterior: towards the front of the body (ventral)

Posterior: towards the back of the body (dorsal)

Question 4

Explain the following terms:

Superior vs inferior

Answer 4

Superior: upwards, towards the head

Inferior: downwards towards the feet

Question 5

Explain the following terms:

Medial vs lateral

Answer 5

Medial: towards the midline or median plane

Lateral: away from midline or median plane

Question 6

Explain the following terms:

Proximal vs distal

Answer 6

Proximal: closer to the trunk or origin

Distal: farther from trunk or origin

Question 7

Explain the following terms:

superficial vs deep

Answer 7

Superficial: closer to the body surface

Deep: further away from body surface

Question 8

Describe the aspects of anatomical position

Answer 8

Anatomical Position:

• Standing
• Feet together facing forward
• Palms forward, arms at sides
• Looking forward
• Neck vertical

Question 9

Explain the following movement terms (think of shoulder and knee):

Flexion and Extension

Answer 9

Flexion; decreases the angle of the joint, brings bones closer together

Extension is the opposite of flexion, increases angle of the join

Question 10

Explain:

ABDUCTION vs adduction

Answer 10

Abduction: moving of a limb AWAY from the midline

Adduction: movement of a limb toward the midline

Question 11

Ipsilateral vs contralateral

Answer 11

Ipsilateral: on the same side of the body

Contralateral: on opposite sides of the body

Question 12

Axial Skeleton vs appendicular skeleton

Answer 12

Axial skeleton: bones of the skull, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum which form the “axis” or central line of the body

Appendicular Skeleton: bones of the limbs, including the pectoral and pelvic gurdles, which attach the limbs to the body’s axis

Question 13

Give an example of the various types of bones:

Long

Short

Flat

Irregular

Sesamoid

Answer 13

Long: humerus, femur

Short: carpals

Flat: parietal

Irregular: vertebrae

Sesamoid; patella

Question 14

Explain the following kind of joint:

Fibrous Joint

Structural characteristics?

Types?

Answer 14

Fibrous Joints:

Structural characteristics: bone ends/parts are united by collagen fibers

Types of Fibrous Joints: Suture, Syndesmosis

Question 15

Cartilaginous Joints:

Structural Characteristics?

Types?

Answer 15

Cartilaginous Joints:

Bone ends/parts unuted by cartilage

Types:

Synchondrosis (hyaline cartilage)

Symphisis (fibrocartilage)

Question 16

Synovial Joints:

Structural Characteristics?

Types?

Answer 16

Synovial Joints:

bone ends covered with articular cartilage and enclosed within an articular capsule lined with a synovial membrane

Types of synovial Joints:

Plane, Hinge, Pivot, Condylar, Saddle, Ball and Socket

Question 17

Explain plane joints and ball and socket joints

Answer 17

Plane Joint: permit sliding and gliding movement (example: intercarpal joint)

Ball and Socket Joint: multiaxial, the joint has a rounded head that articulates with a concavity and allows movement on several axis (example: shoulder joint and hip joint)

Question 18

Explain Hinge joints

Explain Pivot Joints

Answer 18

Hinge joints allow for flexion and extension only

Example is elbow or interphalangeal joints

Pivot joints are uniaxial, allows rotation

Example: radioulnar joint (wrist)

Question 19

Explain condylar joints

Explain saddle joint

Answer 19

Condylar Joints: biaxial, allows flexion and extension and adduction/abduction and circumflexion

(example: metacarpophalangeal joint aka knuckles and wrist joint)

Saddle Joint: biaxial, joint has saddle shaped head allowing for flexion/extension and adduction/abduction (example: thumb)

Question 20

Explain superficial fascia vs deep fascia

Answer 20

Superficial: attached to and lies beneath the dermis of the skin, varies in thickness and density due to fat, acts as a cushion and allows the skin to glide over deeper structures

Deep: consists of dense connective tissue, often ensheaths muscles and divides them into functional groupings with inward extensions reaching the skeleton (intermuscular septa), thickens to form retinicula around areas where tendonds traverse

Question 21

Fill in the blank:

Skeletal muscles are usually attached to bones via tendons, at sights known as ____ or _____

Some flat muscles are attached via a flattened tendon, known as a _______

Answer 21

Skeletal muscles are usually attached to bones via tendons, at sights known as origins and insertions

Some flat muscles are attached via a flattened tendon, known as a aponeurosis

Question 22

Fill in the blank:

Where the symmetrical halves of a muscle fuse, the intersection is known as a _____

Rule of movement: if a muscle crosses a joint, it will _______

Answer 22

Where the symmetrical halves of a muscle fuse, the intersection is known as a raphe

Rule of movement; if a muscle crosses a joint, it will act on that joint

Question 23

Where tendons cross joints or other tendons, they are often enclosed by a ______

Answer 23

Where tendons cross joints or other tendons, they are usually often enclosed by a synovial sheath

Question 24

Cardiac Muscle:

• striated muscle fibers with _______
• _________ via calcium but modulated by the autonomic nervous system

Answer 24

Cardiac Muscle;

• striated muscle fibers with intercalated discs
• self regulatory (generates autonomous contractions) via calcium but also modulated by the autonomic nervous system

Question 25

Smooth Muscle: - \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ muscle fibers - controlled primary by the _____ nervous system

Answer 25

Smooth Muscle: - **non-striated** muscle fibers - controlled primary by the **autonomic nervous system** and the endocrine system

Question 26

_Arteries:_ - carry blood from the heart to the \_\_\_\_\_\_ - \_\_\_\_\_ elastic wall, ____ rigid, blood flow under ____ pressure - Carry _____ blood except: - branches, no valves

Answer 26

_Arteries:_ - carry blood from the heart to the rest of the body - thick elastic wall, more rigid, blood flow under high pressure - Carry oxygenated blood: except pulmomary artery and umbilical artery - Branches, no valves

Question 27

_Veins:_ - carry blood from the ____ to the \_\_\_\_ - _____ wall, collapsible, blood flow under ___ pressure - carry deoxygenated blood except: - tributaries, have valves

Answer 27

_Veins:_ - carry blood from the body back to the heart - Thin, non-elastic wall, collapsible, blood flow under low pressure - carry deoxygenated blood except: pulmonary vein and umbilical vein - tributaries, have valves

Question 28

There are three types of blood vessels: 1. 2. 3.

Answer 28

Three types of blood vessels: Arteries Veins Capillaries

Question 29

Blood is distributed to the body via the \_\_\_\_\_, which branch to form the \_\_\_\_\_\_, which then branch to form the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, where blood gas exchange occurs

Answer 29

Blood is distributed to the body via the arteries, which branch to form the arterioles. Arterioles then branch to form the capillaries, where gas exchange occurs.

Question 30

Deoxygenated blood is returned to the heart via the \_\_\_\_\_\_, which merge to become the \_\_\_\_, which in turn become veins. Veins can be _____ or \_\_\_\_\_\_ Explain the two

Answer 30

Deoxygenated blood is returned to the heart via the capillaries, which merge to become venules, which in turn become veins. Veins can be superficial or deep Superficial veins lie close to the body surface Deep veins are typically found in muscular layers Veins also have many one way valves to prevent blood back flow

Question 31

The lymphatic system is part of the immune system and is made up of: 1. 2. 3.

Answer 31

The lymphatic system is part of the immune system and is made up of 1. **lymph**: extracellular fluid that contains lymphocytes 2. **lymphoid organs**: tonsils, thymus, spleen, bone marrow and lymph nodes 3. **lymph vessels**: follows veins, transports lymph and lymphocytes into the venous system (drains into the vena cava)

Question 32

Lymphatic drainage: -The majority of lymph drains into the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, which empties into the _____ system It drains at the junction of the _____ & \_\_\_\_\_\_

Answer 32

Lymphatic drainage: The majority of lymph drains into the **thoracic duct,** which empties into the venous system The thoracic duct drains at the junction of the **Left internal jugular vein (IJV)** and the **left subclavian vein**

Question 33

The Nervous System is comprised of the: CNS PNS Explain each

Answer 33

CNS: central nervous system, brain and spinal chord, within the dura PSN: peripheral nerves projecting to and from the body (outside the dura)

Question 34

The PNS is comprised of the - Somatic NS - Autonomic NS Explain each

Answer 34

PNS: **Somatic NS**: motor and sensory (skin, skeletal muscles, and joints) **Autonomic NS**: cardiac, glands, smooth muscle * Comprised of parasympathetic (rest and digest), sympathetic (fight or flight) and enteric (gut)