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Anatomy & Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

How many bones are in the sternum?

A

1

Source: The Horse, Evans, p. 90

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2
Q

How many thoracic vertebrae does the horse have?

A

18

Source: The Horse, Evans, p. 91

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3
Q

How many lumbar vertebrae does the horse have?

A

6

Source: The Horse, Evans, p. 91

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4
Q

How many sacral vertebrae does the horse have?

A

5

Source: The Horse, Evans, p. 91

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5
Q

Which bone in the horse’s body is the heaviest and strongest?

A

Femur

Source: The Horse, Evans, p. 687

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6
Q

What is the general term for the last 10 pairs of ribs that are not connected to the sternum?

A

False ribs or floating ribs

Source: Illustrated Dictionary of Equine Terms, p. 104

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7
Q

How many pairs of ribs are true?

A

8

Source: The Horse, Evans, p. 97 / Horses and Horsemanship, Ensminger, p. 26

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8
Q

How many pairs of ribs are false?

A

10

Source: The Horse, Evans, p. 97 / Horses and Horsemanship, Ensminger, p. 27

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9
Q

How many bones are in the horse’s hoof?

A

3

Source: The Horse, Evans, p. 696

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10
Q

Is the horses eyeball larger or smaller than an elephant and whale?

A

Larger

Source: Equine Science, Griffiths, p. 60

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11
Q

Approximately how many degrees can the horse rotate each ear?

A

180 degrees

Source: Equine Science, Griffiths, p. 62

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12
Q

How much of the horses total body weight is made up of water?

A

65-75%

Source: Equine Science, Griffiths, p. 62

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13
Q

What is the term for an eye that is small and set back into the head?

A

Pig-eye

Source: The Horse, Evans, p. 124

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14
Q

What is the spasmodic muscle contraction that produces heat to help maintain body temperature?

A

Shivering

Source: The Horse, Evans, p. 104

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15
Q

Which organ in the horse stores vitamin A?

A

Liver

Source: AYHC Horse Industry Handbook, 730-2 / Horses and Horsemanship, Ensminger, p. 252

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16
Q

Name two areas of hair on the horse that do not shed.

A

Eyelashes, Tail, Mane, Tactile hairs of the muzzle

Source: The Horse, Evans, p. 129

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17
Q

What color are a horse’s hooves usually at birth?

A

White

Source: The Horse, Evans, p. 82

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18
Q

What is the normal color of a horse’s eye?

A

Brown

Source: The Horse, Evans, p. 82

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19
Q

How often does a horse shed?

A

Twice a year

Source: The Horse, Evans, p. 129

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20
Q

Where is the hoof wall the thickest?

A

At the toe

Source: The Horse, Evans, p. 695

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21
Q

Name the four classifications of bones in the horse.

A

Long, short, flat, irregular

Source: The Horse, Evans, p. 90

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22
Q

Bones are held together by what?

A

Ligaments

Source: The Horse, Evans, p. 90

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23
Q

Muscles are attached to bones by what?

A

Tendons

Source: The Horse, Evans, p. 90

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24
Q

Do the front legs or hind legs have the most joints?

A

Hind legs

Source: The Horse, Evans, p. 98

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25
Q

What is the hair called that falls on the face between the ears?

A

The forelock

Source: The Horse, Evans, p. 142

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26
Q

Name the four components of the horse’s topline.

A

Withers, Back, Loin, Croup

Source: AYHC Horse Industry Handbook, 220-6

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27
Q

What does the panniculus muscle do in the horse?

A

It moves the skin and shakes flies off the horse.

Source: Illustrated Dictionary of Equine Terms, p. 203

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28
Q

Name the two bones which make up the forearm.

A

Radius and Ulna

Source: The Horse, Evans, p. 97

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29
Q

What is another name for the scapula?

A

Shoulder blade

Source: The Horse, Evans, p. 97

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30
Q

The heart is composed of how many chambers?

A

4

Source: The Horse, Evans, p. 111

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31
Q

What is the area of the nose called that encompasses the nostrils, lips and chin?

A

Muzzle

Source: Illustrated Dictionary of Equine Terms, p. 184

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32
Q

What part of the horse is located between the back and the croup?

A

Loin

Source: Horses and Horsemanship, Ensminger, p. 32 / Equine Science, Griffiths, p. 26

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33
Q

What in the eye covers the lens, admits light and is transparent?

A

Cornea

Source: Illustrated Dictionary of Equine Terms, p. 69

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34
Q

How many bones are in the horse’s vertebral column?

A

54

Source: The Horse, Evans, p. 90 / Horses and Horsemanship, Ensminger, p. 26

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35
Q

Where on the horse would there be no sweat glands?

A

Legs

Source: The Horse, Evans, p. 129

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36
Q

What is another name for the horse’s ankle joint?

A

Fetlock

Source: Illustrated Dictionary of Equine Terms, p. 106, 216

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37
Q

The heart, blood, veins and arteries make up what body system?

A

Circulatory System

Source: Illustrated Dictionary of Equine Terms, p. 57

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38
Q

Name 4 of the 7 joints of the hind limb.

A

Sacroiliac, hip, stifle, hock, fetlock, pastern, coffin

Source: The Horse, Evans, p. 98

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39
Q

Name the system responsible for collecting and removing the fluid waste from the body.

A

Urinary System

Source: Illustrated Dictionary of Equine Terms, p. 280

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40
Q

Give an example of a flat bone in the skeleton of the horse.

A

Skull, ribs

Source: The Horse, Evans, p. 90

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41
Q

What is another term for the sense of smell?

A

Olfactory Sense

Source: Equine Science, Griffiths, p. 61

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42
Q

Which type of bones provides large areas for the attachment of muscles?

A

Flat bones

Source: The Horse, Evans, p. 90

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43
Q

Name the bones that are encased in the horse’s hoof.

A

Coffin, Navicular, Short Pastern Bone

Source: Equine Science, Griffiths, p. 201 / AYHC Horse Industry Handbook, 505-5

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44
Q

Where would you find ring bone?

A

Pastern

Source: The Horse, Evans, p. 157

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45
Q

Movement of air into and out of the lungs is referred to as what?

A

Respiration

Source: The Horse, Evans, p. 108

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46
Q

How does the stomach of the horse compare with other farm animals?

A

It is the smallest

Source: Horse Science (National 4-H Council), p. 28

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47
Q

Where are the chestnuts located on an ass/donkey?

A

On the front legs only, they do not have them on the hind legs

(Source: Equine Science, Griffiths, p. 21)

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48
Q

Describe the movement of the jaw when a horse is chewing.

A

Jaw movement is vertical (up & down) and lateral (side to side)

(Source: The Horse, Evans, p. 93)

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49
Q

What term is used to refer to a male horse that has been castrated after having reached maturity?

A

A stag

Source: Horses and Horsemanship, Ensminger, p. 529

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50
Q

If an animal has had its ears cut or frozen off, what is it known as?

A

Crop-eared

Source: Illustrated Dictionary of Equine Terms, p. 73

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51
Q

The top of a horse’s head just back of the ears is called what?

A

Poll

Source: AYHC Horse Industry Handbook, 220-3

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52
Q

What is the main purpose of the red blood cells?

A

To transport oxygen in the blood

Source: AYHC Horse Industry Handbook, 830-1

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53
Q

What is the easiest way to determine if the cardiovascular system is working?

A

Heart rate

Source: AYHC Horse Industry Handbook, 830-1

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54
Q

On what part of the mouth does the bit rest?

A

Bars

Source: Horses and Horsemanship (National 4-H Council), p. 29

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55
Q

Who has better hearing - you or your horse?

A

Horse

Source: The Horse, Evans, p. 121

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56
Q

What part of the foot is between the wall & frog?

A

Sole

Source: AYHC Horse Industry Handbook, 505-1

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57
Q

What part of the horse is important in keeping the saddle in place?

A

Withers

Source: AYHC Horse Industry Handbook, 220-6

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58
Q

How many bones does the horse have?

A

205

Source: The Horse, Evans, p. 90 / Illustrated Dictionary of Equine Terms, p. 246

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59
Q

On average, how many coccygeal vertebrae does the horse have?

A

18

Source: The Horse, Evans, p. 96

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60
Q

What are the names of the first two vertebrae?

A

Atlas and Axis

Source: The Horse, Evans, p. 91

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61
Q

Name the vertebral section found in the tail.

A

Coccygeal vertebrae

Source: The Horse, Evans, p. 96

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62
Q

What is the name for the soft, spongy wedge-shaped structure on the bottom of the horse’s foot?

A

Frog

Source: The Horse, Evans, p. 695

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63
Q

What is the nasal cavity?

A

The passageway for the respiratory system

Source: Illustrated Dictionary of Equine Terms, p. 187

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64
Q

True or False: 75 to 80% of foal body weight is water.

A

True

Source: Horse Science (National 4-H Council), p. 32

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65
Q

What is another name for the knee bones?

A

Carpals (carpus bones)

Source: The Horse, Evans, p. 97, 684

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66
Q

A horse uses what two parts of its body to aid in stability and balance?

A

The head and neck

Source: The Horse, Evans, p. 141

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67
Q

The tactile sense controls what?

A

The sense of touch

Source: Equine Science, Griffiths, p. 64

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68
Q

What is the largest bone in the horse’s head?

A

Mandible

Source: The Horse, Evans, p. 91

69
Q

What is the proper name for the fluid that lubricates the horse’s eye?

A

Lacrimal fluid

Source: The Horse, Evans, p. 125

70
Q

Name three areas that are sensitive to the touch on the horse.

A

Flank, ears, withers, muzzle, lower legs, rib area, girth area, head, mouth

(Source: Equine Science, Griffiths, p. 65)

71
Q

What is the ideal slope of the shoulder?

A

45-50 degrees

Source: AYHC Horse Industry Handbook, 220-6

72
Q

Name the three classifications of the muscles in the horse.

A

Smooth, Cardiac, Skeletal

Source: The Horse, Evans, p. 99 / AYHC Horse Industry Handbook, 840-1

73
Q

Why should the ribs be long and well sprung on a horse?

A

It indicates ample space for the horse’s heart and lungs

Source: The Horse, Evans, p. 151

74
Q

What can happen if the pastern is too straight?

A

It does not cushion the shock of the foot striking the ground and can lead to serious damage as well as a rough ride

(Source: Horses and Horsemanship (National 4-H Council), p. 11)

75
Q

Another name for the hamstring is what?

A

Achilles Tendon

Source: The Horse, Evans, p. 100

76
Q

Name the two major components that blood consists of.

A

Plasma and Cells

Source: The Horse, Evans, p. 117

77
Q

What number of heart sounds is frequently audible in horses?

A

4

Source: Illustrated Dictionary of Equine Terms, p. 136

78
Q

Name 3 long bones

A

Shoulder, Forearm, Croup, Gaskin

Source: Horse Science (National 4-H Council), p. 9

79
Q

The thoracic cavity contains the vital organs of what three systems?

A

Respiratory, Circulatory, Digestive

Source: The Horse, Evans, p. 97

80
Q

The horny growth on the back of the fetlock is called what?

A

Ergot

Source: Illustrated Dictionary of Equine Terms, p. 99

81
Q

What joint is located between the gaskin & cannon?

A

Hock

Source: Horses and Horsemanship (National 4-H Council), p. 8

82
Q

The v-shaped pad in the middle of the sole is……?

A

Frog

Source: Equine Science, Griffiths, p. 201

83
Q

True or False: The horse does not have a gall bladder?

A

True

Source: Equine Science, Griffiths, p. 111

84
Q

What is the largest gland in the body?

A

Liver

85
Q

What is the name of the short, funnel shaped tube between the mouth and esophagus?

A

Pharynx

Source: AYHC Horse Industry Handbook, 705-1

86
Q

What flap of tissue prevents food from passing into the larynx?

A

Epiglottis

Source: The Horse, Evans, p. 105

87
Q

This artery carries blood away from the left ventricle of the heart.

A

Dorsal Aorta

88
Q

What is the function of the panniculous muscle and where is it located?

A

A muscle under the skin that enables horses to flick off flies

(Source: Illustrated Dictionary of Equine Terms, p. 203)

89
Q

What is the largest tissue mass in the horse’s body?

A

Muscles

Source: AYHC Horse Industry Handbook, 840-1 / The Horse, Evans, p. 99

90
Q

What serves as the passageway to the respiratory system?

A

Nasal Cavity

Source: Illustrated Dictionary of Equine Terms, p. 187

91
Q

Name 2 types of body hair.

A

Dense undercoat and guard hairs

Source: The Horse, Evans, p. 129

92
Q

What is the junction of the horse’s tibia and patella in the hind leg called?

A

Stifle

Source: Horses and Horsemanship, Ensminger, p. 28, 530

93
Q

Where is the elbow?

A

The joint formed at the upper back of the foreleg

Source: Illustrated Dictionary of Equine Terms, p. 89

94
Q

Where is the forearm?

A

Part of the horse’s foreleg between the elbow joint and the knee

(Source: The Horse, Evans, p. 142)

95
Q

The stifle joint is anatomically equivalent to the human….?

A

Knee

Source: Illustrated Dictionary of Equine Terms, p. 256 / Horses and Horsemanship, Ensminger, p. 28, 67, 530

96
Q

What is the hock?

A

The joint between the cannon and the gaskin in the hind leg

Source: The Horse, Evans, p. 142

97
Q

What is the largest joint in the horse’s body?

A

Stifle

Source: The Horse, Evans, p. 691

98
Q

This tube connects the throat to the lungs at the point where they branch to form the bronchi, what is it?

A

Trachea

Source: The Horse, Evans, p. 105

99
Q

Urine is the filtrate of which organ?

A

Kidney

Source: The Horse, Evans, p. 119

100
Q

What is another name for the coffin bone?

A

Pedal bone

Source: Illustrated Dictionary of Equine Terms, p. 207 / The Horse, Evans, p. 98

101
Q

What is the term that refers to the amount of blood pumped from the heart during each beat?

A

Cardiac output

Source: Illustrated Dictionary of Equine Terms, p. 48

102
Q

What is the common opening between the nasal passage and the mouth?

A

Pharynx

Source: The Horse, Evans, p. 105

103
Q

What is another name for the distal sesamoid bone?

A

Navicular Bone

Source: The Horse, Evans, p. 98

104
Q

Why is it important for a horse to have large nostrils?

A

It allows for maximum air intake since horses cannot breathe through the mouth

(Source: Horses and Horsemanship (National 4-H Council), p. 9)

105
Q

Which joint is associated with the kneecap or patella?

A

Stifle

Source: The Horse, Evans, p. 98

106
Q

What is the carpus?

A

The knee

Source: Illustrated Dictionary of Equine Terms, p. 48

107
Q

Give the functions of the flat bones in the skeleton of a horse.

A

Encloses cavities containing the vital organs, provides areas for the attachment of muscle

(Source: The Horse, Evans, p. 90)

108
Q

How many pairs of ribs does the horse have?

A

18

Source: The Horse, Evans, p. 97

109
Q

What term refers to the area of the hind leg between the stifle and hock joint?

A

Gaskin

Source: Equine Science, Griffiths, 26

110
Q

Explain the difference in the shape of the hind foot from that of the fore foot.

A

The toe of the hind foot is more pointed and the sole is more concave

(Source: The Horse, Evans, p. 692)

111
Q

What percentage of a horse’s weight is carried on the front legs?

A

60-65%

Source: The Horse, Evans, p. 145

112
Q

Name the first bone of the hind leg.

A

Pelvic Girdle or Os Coxae

Source: The Horse, Evans, p. 687

113
Q

The words foot and hoof do not mean the same thing. Foot refers to what?

A

Hoof wall and all the structures it contains

Source: The Horse, Evans, p. 692

114
Q

How many muscles control the movement of the horse’s eyeball?

A

Seven

115
Q

The increased height of the 3rd, 4th, & 5th thoracic vertebrae form what part of the horse?

A

Withers

Source: The Horse, Evans, p. 97

116
Q

Name and explain the function of the four classifications of bones.

A

Long - levers and aid in support of weight; Short - absorb concussion; Flat - enclose vital organs and provide areas for muscles to attach; Irregular - protect the central nervous system

(Source: The Horse, Evans, p. 90)

117
Q

Together the first and second phalanxes form what part of the horse?

A

Pastern

Source: The Horse, Evans, p. 98

118
Q

What is the fluid part of the blood called?

A

Plasma

Source: Illustrated Dictionary of Equine Terms, p. 214

119
Q

What is the main bone of the gaskin?

A

Tibia

Source: The Horse, Evans, p. 98

120
Q

What is the purpose of the long feeler hairs around the muzzle?

A

Help the horse make contact with its surroundings, especially in the dark

(Source: The Horse, Evans, p. 129)

121
Q

What are the thick-walled, muscular vessels that carry blood away from the heart?

A

Arteries

Source: Illustrated Dictionary of Equine Terms, p. 15

122
Q

Where are the chestnuts on the front legs?

A

Above the knees on the inside of the forearm

Source: Illustrated Dictionary of Equine Terms, p. 55

123
Q

What are the microscopic vessels with thin walls that form a network of connecting tubes between arteries and veins?

A

Capillaries

Source: Illustrated Dictionary of Equine Terms, p. 47

124
Q

What are the chestnuts?

A

The horny growths on the inside of the horse’s leg

Source: Illustrated Dictionary of Equine Terms, p. 55

125
Q

What is the main role of the hindquarters of the horse?

A

They provide the force for propulsion

Source: Horse Science (National 4-H Council), p. 7

126
Q

Considered as a unit, the skin, hair and hooves of the horse acts as the largest single organ of the horse’s body. Give the name.

A

Integument

Source: The Horse, Evans, p. 128

127
Q

What cartilage closes the air passage when food is swallowed?

A

Epiglottis

Source: Illustrated Dictionary of Equine Terms, p. 97 / The Horse, Evans, p. 105

128
Q

The mouth is the passage way to the digestive tract. Give another name for the mouth.

A

Oral passage, buccal cavity

Source: The Horse, Evans, p. 92

129
Q

When a horse is chewing, why is the jaw movement vertical and lateral?

A

The upper jaw is wider than the lower jaw

Source: The Horse, Evans, p. 93

130
Q

What do you call the measurement around the horse’s body just back of the withers?

A

Girth (Heartgirth)

Source: AYHC Horse Industry Handbook, 220-3

131
Q

Where is the gaskin located?

A

Below the stifle

Source: AYHC Horse Industry Handbook, 220-3

132
Q

On a horse, what do you call the distinct space between the jawbone & neck?

A

Throatlatch

Source: AYHC Horse Industry Handbook, 220-3

133
Q

What bone is located between the cannon bone & the short pastern?

A

Long pastern

Source: AYHC Horse Industry Handbook, 505-5

134
Q

What bone is located at the lowest point in the hoof?

A

Coffin bone

Source: AYHC Horse Industry Handbook, 505-5

135
Q

What is the name of the joint above the pastern?

A

Fetlock

Source: AYHC Horse Industry Handbook, 220-3

136
Q

What is the cannon?

A

The lower leg bone below the knee and hock & above the fetlock

(Source: AYHC Horse Industry Handbook, 220-3)

137
Q

Where is the croup?

A

The part of the back just in front of the tail

Source: AYHC Horse Industry Handbook, 220-3

138
Q

A third eyelid or membrane in front of the eye which removes foreign bodies from the eye is called what?

A

Haw (nicitating membrane)

Source: Horse Science (National 4-H Council), p. 4 / The Horse, Evans, p. 126

139
Q

What is an ergot?

A

A horny growth behind the fetlock joint

Source: The Horse, Evans, p. 128

140
Q

Where is the pastern found?

A

Between the coronet band & the fetlock

Source: AYHC Horse Industry Handbook, 220-3

141
Q

Where is the coronet band located?

A

It is the hairline above the hoof

Source: AYHC Horse Industry Handbook, 220-3

142
Q

Where is the crest?

A

Area located under the mane; top line of the neck

Source: The Horse, Evans, p. 142

143
Q

The heart, arteries, capillaries and veins of the horse make up what system?

A

Cardiovascular System

Source: The Horse, Evans, p. 111

144
Q

What part of the horse needs to be deep & fairly thick with good V-muscling?

A

Chest

Source: The Horse, Evans, p. 152

145
Q

What is another term for the trunk area of the horse?

A

Barrel

Source: AYHC Horse Industry Handbook, 220-3

146
Q

In connection with the eye, what does the term “haw” mean?

A

A third eyelid or membrane that removes foreign bodies from the eye (nicitating membrane)

(Source: Horse Science (National 4-H Council), p. 4 / The Horse, Evans, p. 126)

147
Q

What is located between the forehead & muzzle?

A

Face

Source: AYHC Horse Industry Handbook, 220-3

148
Q

What joint is located between the shoulder & knee?

A

Elbow

Source: AYHC Horse Industry Handbook, 220-3

149
Q

What joint is located between the elbow & fetlock?

A

Knee

Source: AYHC Horse Industry Handbook, 220-3

150
Q

The part of the horse between the withers & loin is called what?

A

Back

Source: AYHC Horse Industry Handbook, 220-3

151
Q

What do you call the part of the foot that’s around the outside of the hoof?

A

Wall

Source: AYHC Horse Industry Handbook, 505-1

152
Q

The elbow, knee & fetlock are all joints on which leg?

A

Front

Source: AYHC Horse Industry Handbook, 220-3

153
Q

The stifle, hock & fetlock are all joints on which leg?

A

Rear

Source: AYHC Horse Industry Handbook, 220-3

154
Q

What part of the horse lies between the knee & fetlock?

A

Cannon

Source: AYHC Horse Industry Handbook, 220-3

155
Q

What part of the horse is located directly above the stifle?

A

Thigh

Source: The Horse, Evans, p. 142

156
Q

What is the part of the horse located between the rump & the quarter?

A

Buttocks

Source: The Horse, Evans, p. 142

157
Q

How many pasterns does a horse have & what is the best angle?

A

Four pasterns - 45-50 degree angle is best

Source: AYHC Horse Industry Handbook, 230-6

158
Q

What is located between the elbow & the knee?

A

The forearm

Source: AYHC Horse Industry Handbook, 220-3

159
Q

What is the term for the area between the last rib & the croup?

A

Coupling or loin

Source: AYHC Horse Industry Handbook, 220-6

160
Q

What is another name for the fetlock joint?

A

Ankle

Source: AYHC Horse Industry Handbook, 220-3

161
Q

Give 2 names for the area of the horse between the loin & the buttock.

A

Croup, Rump

Source: The Horse, Evans, p. 152

162
Q

Why is it difficult for cuts, bruises, etc. to heal below the knees or hocks?

A

There are no muscles below knees & hocks; therefore the blood supply is limited

(Source: The Horse, Evans, p. 98)

163
Q

What do you call the curved covering of horn over the foot?

A

Hoof

Source: AYHC Horse Industry Handbook, 220-3

164
Q

What is the purpose of the deep flexor tendon?

A

Flexes the hoof for each step

Source: Horses and Horsemanship (National 4-H Council), p. 48

165
Q

What is the purpose of the extensor tendon?

A

Causes the extension of the hoof for each step

Source: Horses and Horsemanship (National 4-H Council), p. 48

166
Q

What is the name for the part of the horse located at the junction of the neck & back?

A

Withers

Source: The Horse, Evans, p. 151 / AYHC Horse Industry Handbook, 220-3

167
Q

How many teats does a mare have?

A

Two

Source: The Horse, Evans, p. 322

168
Q

What part of the foot is located between the plantar cushion & the insensitive frog?

A

Sensitive frog

Source: Horses and Horsemanship (National 4-H Council), p. 49

169
Q

What is the tactile sense?

A

The sense of touch

Source: Equine Science, Griffiths, p. 64

Horse bowl (48 decks)

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