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Hematology > Anemias Overview > Flashcards

Anemias Overview Flashcards

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1
Q

When can you say that a person has anemia

A

If hemoglobin level low for what is expected for (based on gender, age, geographical location)

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2
Q

Global prevalence of anemia worlwide

A

32.9%

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3
Q

Normal Hb for men

A

> 13g/dl

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4
Q

Normal Hb for women

A

> 12g/dl

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5
Q

Pregnant women Hb

A

> 11g/dl

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6
Q

Infants from 2-6months Hb

A

> 9.5g/dl

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7
Q

Children from 6-24 months Hb

A

> 10.5g/dl

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8
Q

2yrs - 11yrs Hb

A

> 11.5g/dl

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9
Q

Children over 12yrs Hb

A

> 12g/dl

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10
Q

What happens when Hb decreases ?

A

Less O2 carrying capacity
Hypoxia
Hypoxia induced effect on organ function
Signs and symptoms of anemia

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11
Q

2 bases of classification of anemia

A

Etiologic classficaion

Morphologic classification

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12
Q

Anemia types based on etiology

A

Impaired RBC production
Excessive destruction of red cells
Blood loss

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13
Q

Type of anemia based on morphologic classification

A

Macrocytic anemia
Microcytic hypochromic anemia
Normocytic normochromic anemia

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14
Q

Causes of red blood cells production impairment

A 
Inadequate supply of nutrients essential for eryhtropoeisis 
Depression of erythropoeitic activity 
Chronic disorders
Aplastic anemia 
Replacement of bone marrow
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15
Q

What are some causes of inadequate supply of nutrient

A

Iron deficiency
Vit b12 deficiency
Folic acid deficiency
Protein calorie malnutrition

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16
Q

Chronic disorders that can lead to anemia

A

Infection
Connective tissue disorders
Disseminated malignancy
Renal disease

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17
Q

Disorder leading to replacement of bone marrow

A

Leukemia
Lymphoma
Myeloproliferative disroders like myelofibrosis
Myelodysplastic syndrome

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18
Q

Causes of excessive red cell destruction (hemolytic anemia )

A 
Intrinsic defects in RBCs 
- red cell membrane defect 
-hemoglobin defects 
- enzyme defects
Extrinsic defects
- immune mechanism 
- Non immune mechanism 
- miscellaneous
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19
Q

What are some disorders of red cell membrane defects

A

Hereditary spherocytosis

Herditory elliptocytosis

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20
Q

Disroders linked to Hemoglobin defect

A

Sickle cell disease
Unstable hemoglobin disease
Thalassemia

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21
Q

Disease linked to enzyme defects

A

Pyruvate kinase deficiency
G6PD deficiency
Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria

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22
Q

Immune mechanism leading to anemia

A

Autoimmune acquired hemolytic anemia
Hemolytic disease of the newborn
Drug induced hemolytic anemia

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23
Q

Extrinsic Non immune mechanism leading to anemia

A

Microangiopathic hemolytic anemia

March hemolytic anemia

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24
Q

Extrinsic miscellaneous disorder leading to anemia

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A

Hemolytic anemia due to chemical and drugs
Hemolytic anemia due to infections
Hemolytic anemia due to bruns
Lead poisoning

25
Basis of morphological classification of anemia
Based on size of red cell | Based on hb content of red cell
26
Normal red cell diameter
8 microns
27
What can you compare size of red cell to in blood film
Nuleus of mature lymphocyte
28
What is MEAN CELL VOLUME (MCV)
Average volume of red blood cell
29
Mcv formula
Hematocrit / RBC
30
Mean cell hemoglobin MCH
Average weight of hemoglobin in the RBC
31
MCH formula
Hb/RBC
32
Mean cell hemoglobin concentration
MCHC
33
MCHC
Hb/ hematocrit
34
What is hematocrit
Fractional volume of blood that the erythrocytes occupy
35
Normal hematocrit for male
46%
36
Normal hematocrit for female
42%
37
What does it mean when the red cell distribution width is low
Mean that there’s uniformity in size of red blood cells
38
What does a large value in the red cell distribution
Mixed populations of small and large RBC | Immature RBC are large
39
Anisocytosis
High variation in RBC size
40
Poikilocytosis
Variation in shape of RBC
41
Formula for MCV
Hematocrit x 10/RBC count
42
Normal range mcv
81-100 fL
43
MCH formula
Hemoglobin x 10/RBC count
44
Normal range MCH
26-34 pg
45
MCHC formula
Hemoglobin x 100/hematocrit
46
Normal range of MCHC
31-36%
47
RDW formula
Standard deviation of MCV/MCV x100
48
RDW normal range
11.5% - 14.5%
49
Blood characteristic of normocytic normochromic anemia
Normal MCV Normal MCHC Normal MCH
50
Causes of normocytic normochromic anemia
``` Blood loss Increased plasma volume in pregnancy or over hydration Hemolytic anemia in certains causes Aplastic anemia Kidney disease Anemia of chronic disease ```
51
Microcytic hypochromic anemia MCV, MCHC, MCH
Low everything
52
Causes of Microcytic hypochromic anemia
Iron deficiency anemia Thalassemia Sideroblastic anemia Lead poisoning
53
MCV of Macrocytic anemia
Raised MCV
54
Causes of Macrocytic anemia
Megaloblastic anemia Due to Folic acid deficiency and vit b12 deficiency
55
History to take in anemia
Diet especially for children pregnant and lactating mothers Unusual bleeding or bruising Blood in stools Ménorraghia Number / frequency of pregnancy Bleeding hemorrhoids Dark urine -> Intravascular hemolysis Family history of anemia Comorbidities like acute infections, chronic inflammatory diseases, CKD, surgeries
56
Physical examination
Pallor of mucous membranes Mouth for glossitis , stomatitis , gum disease Nails for koilonychia Pedal edema for heart failure Jaundice for hemolysis Masses in Abdomen , pelvis, spleen, uterus Rectal, scrotal and vaginal examination when appropriate
57
Essential hematological test
``` Test to know type of anemia Test to know cause of anemia Reticulocyte count Blood film Sickling test Hb electrophoresis ESR CRP Thick and thin blood film G6PD defiance screening test Coombs test ```
58
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Hematology (24 decks)

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