Animal Genetics test 2 Flashcards Preview

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Flashcards in Animal Genetics test 2 Deck (35)
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1
Q

The branch of genetics concerned with influences on, measurement of, relationships among, genetic prediction for and rate of change in traits that are quantitative, or continuous, in nature (such as weight or height)

A

quantitative genetics

2
Q

discrete traits controlled by a few alleles at one or a few loci and influenced little or none by the environment. traits such as coat color for which phenotypes can be classified into groups or classes.

A

qualitative traits

3
Q

traits that have quantitative value, traits influenced by many alleles at several different loci that have a continuous expression and are effected by the environment

A

quantitative traits

4
Q

a trait affected by many genes, no single gene having an override influence

A

polygenic trait

5
Q

the ability of one allele to express its phenotype at the expense of the alternate allele; an interaction between genes at a single locus such that in heterozygotes one allele has more effect than the other.

A

Dominance

6
Q

an interaction among genes at different loci such that expression of genes at one locus depends on alleles present at one or more other loci

A

epistasis

7
Q

the effect that external (non genetic) factors have on animal performance

A

Environmental effect

8
Q

an environmental effect that influences a single performance record of an individual, but does not permanently affect the individuals performance potential for a repeated trait

A

Temporary environmental effect

9
Q

an environmental effect that permanently influences an individuals performance for a repeated trait

A

Permanent environmental effect

10
Q

breeding effects that are consistently transmitted from parents transmitted from parents to progeny , the additive genetic worth of an animal relative to some base population, the worth of an individual as a (genetic) parent.

A

Breeding Value

11
Q

predication of genetic value derived from the application of genetic theory and statistics to performance records; estimate of unknown breeding value.

A

Estimated breeding value

12
Q

an estimate, or prediction, of how much better or poorer an individuals progeny will perform compared to the average of all individuals in the breed.

A

Expected progeny difference

13
Q

a trait for which individuals commonly have more than one performance record

A

Repeated trait

14
Q

the performance potential of an individual for a repeated trait, (milk production;wool production;racing ability)

A

Producing ability

15
Q

any quantity that can take on different numerical values. all elements (except u) of the genetic model for quantitative traits - P, BV, E - are considered

A

Variable

16
Q

a group of inter mating individuals; individuals that share a common gene pool. the term can refer to breed, an entire species, a single herd or flock, even a small group of animals within a herd or flock

A

population

17
Q

The Basic Model

A
P=u+G+E 
p= phenotypic value
u=the population mean
G=genotypic value
E=environmental effect
18
Q

the value of a trait for an individual

A

genotypic trait

19
Q

only effect that can be transmitted to the next generation; most important type of gene action controlling quantitative traits

A

Additive Gene effects

20
Q

two genes effects that can not be transmitted to the next generation

A

dominance and epistasis

21
Q

they reflect the value of each gene independent of the effects of other genes at the same loci and the effects of genes at other lcoi

A

independent gene effects

22
Q

expected difference between mean performance of individuals progeny and mean performance of all progeny (assuming random mates)

A

Progeny Difference

23
Q

is the part of an individuals genotypic value that is due to the effects of gene combinations and cannot, therefore, be transmitted from parent to offspring

A

Gene combination value

24
Q

most common measure of variability in a population; used to describe how widely observations are distributed around the center of distribution

A

standard deviation

25
Q

effect of a gene independent of the effects of the other gene at the same locus and effects of genes at other loci

A

independent gene effects

26
Q

part of an individuals genotypic value due to effects of dominance and epistasis

A

gene combination value

27
Q

performance potential of an individual for a trait that is measured more than once in its life

A

producing ability

28
Q

half of individuals breeding value

A

progeny difference

29
Q

type of gene action in which allele of a pair has an independent negative or positive effect on the phenotype, which is independent of gene effects at other loci

A

additive gene action

30
Q

traits for which individuals commonly have more than one production record

A

repeated trait

31
Q

basic genetic model for repeated trait

A

P=U+G+PE+TE

32
Q

additive genetic merit of an individual as parent

A

breeding value

33
Q

numerical measures associated with a sample

A

statistic

34
Q

general term that describes how two traits or values vary in a population; correlation and regression are two specific measures of this

A

covariation

35
Q

most useful measure of central tendancy

A

mean